| In recent years,quality and safety levels of aquatic product in China have been improved significantly.However,there are still many events of drug residues occurred sometimes,such as nitrofurans,malachite green or sulfonamides,which exceeds the national standards.Therefore,it is urgent to study the elimination rules of drugs in aquatic to ensure the quality and safety of fresh aquatic products.This study has been investigated that the distribution and elimination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine in various tissues of perch and grouper,and the elimination of four nitrofuran metabolites in muscle of perch and grouper,as well as the distribution and elimination of Malachite Green and leucomalachite green in various tissues of Perch.The results were follows:1.Feeding the perch(body weight= 100 g)at about 25? with a 200 mg/kg sulfadiazine and 200 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole,respectively for each single feeding,This study has been investigated that the distribution and elimination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine in various tissues of perch.The maximum concentration of SMZ in the tissues of perch is biliary(2424.80 ?g/kg),followed by liver(1809.19 ?g/kg),intestines(1500.25 ?g/kg),muscle(1125.43 ?g/kg),kidney(1076.08 ?g/kg),gill(1050.43 ?g/kg),and blood(710.11 ?g/kg).The maximum concentration of SDZ in various tissues of perch is biliary(5025.22 ?g/kg),followed by liver(3167.38 ?g/kg),blood(2305.66 ?g/kg),muscle(1873.03 ?g/kg),kidney(1723.23 ?g/kg),intestines(1714.878 ?g/kg),and gill(1310.41 ?g/kg).The order of the half-life of SMZ in the tissues of perch as follows: kidney(49.50 h),biliary(31.50 h),blood(23.10 h),gill(16.50 h),muscle(14.74 h),liver(11.36 h),intestines(2.90 h).The order of the half-life of SDZ in the tissues of perch as follows: kidney(77.00 h),blood(40.76 h),biliary(38.50 h),gill(36.47 h),liver(25.67 h),muscle(15.40 h),intestines(3.60 h).After 96 h of elimination,the concentration of SMZ and SDZ in the muscle of the perch was less than the national standard 0.1 mg/kg.It was suggested that the withdrawal period was not less than 4 days.Feeding the grouper(body weight= 260 g)at about 21? with a 200 mg/kg sulfadiazine and 200 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole,respectively for each single feeding,This study has been investigated that the distribution and elimination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine in various tissues of grouper.The maximum concentration of SMZ in various tissues of grouper is liver(827.97 ?g/kg),followed by muscle(776.70 ?g/kg),blood(601.29 ?g/kg),kidney(432.14 ?g/kg),and gill(345.18 ?g/kg).The maximum concentration of SDZ in various tissues of grouper is liver(895.30 ?g/kg),followed by muscle(792.66 ?g/kg),blood(713.25 ?g/kg),kidney(528.15 ?g/kg),and gill(431.88 ?g/kg).The order of the half-life of SMZ in the tissues of the grouper as follows: kidney(26.65 h),gill(21.00 h),muscle(20.38 h),blood(18.73 h),liver(16.90 h).The order of the half-life of SDZ in the tissues of the grouper as follows: kidney(31.50 h),blood(27.72 h),gill(24.75 h),muscle(21.66 h),liver(18.24 h).After 72 h of elimination,the concentration of SMZ and SDZ in the muscle of the perch was less than the national standard 0.1 mg/kg.It was suggested that the withdrawal period was not less than 3 days.The elimination rules of SMZ and SDZ in various tissues is the same.Concentrations of SMZ both in perch and grouper are higher than those of SDZ,and the half-life of SDZ is longer than SMZ.The half-lives of SMZ and SDZ both in perch and grouper kidney were longer than those of the other tissues.In kidney,the time of elimination is longer than those in muscle where the concentrations of SMZ and SDZ in kidney was less than the national standard 0.1 mg/kg,suggesting that the kidney could be used as the target tissue for detection.2.Feeding the perch(body weight= 100 g)at 22±2? with 100 mg/kg of nitrofurantoin,furazolidone,furaltadone and nitrofurazone,respectively for seven days,the elimination of four nitrofuran metabolites in muscle of perch.The maximum concentration of nitrofurans metabolites in the muscle of perch is SEM(2362.12 ?g/kg),followed by AMOZ(1683.14 ?g/kg),AOZ(1132.64 ?g/kg),and AHD(368.24 ?g/kg).The order of the half-life of nitrofurans metabolites in the muscle of the perch as follows: SEM(33.00 d),AHD(31.50 d),AMOZ(25.67 d),AOZ(23.10 d).After 110 d of elimination,the concentration of SEM,AOZ,AMOZ and AHD in the muscle of the perch was still not less than 0.5 ?g/kg.Feeding the grouper(body weight= 45 g)at 27±2?with 100 mg/kg of nitrofurantoin,furazolidone,furaltadone and nitrofurazone,respectively for seven days,the elimination of four nitrofuran metabolites in muscle of grouper.The maximum concentration of nitrofurans metabolites in the muscle of grouper is SEM(1104.10 ?g/kg),followed by AOZ(781.09 ?g/kg),AMOZ(679.75 ?g/kg),and AHD(437.18 ?g/kg).The order of the half-life of nitrofurans metabolites in the muscle of grouper as follows: SEM(23.90 d),AHD(23.10 d),AOZ(22.35 d),AMOZ(21.00 d).After 163 d of elimination,the concentration of SEM,AOZ,AMOZ and AHD in the muscle of the grouper was not still less than 0.5 ?g/kg.The elimination rules in muscle of SEM,AOZ,AMOZ and AHD is the same.The half-life of SEM in muscle of grouper and perch is longer than that of the other three nitrofuran metabolites.Rate of elimination is slower than the other three nitrofuran metabolites in muscle of grouper and perch.3.The perch(body weight =100 g)at 22±2?were dipped in the concentration of 0.15 mg/mL MG for 1h,and reared in tanks containing(0)indoor.During the elimination period,the concentration of LMG is always higher than that of MG.The highest concentration of MG,LMG was occurred in liver.The maximum concentration of MG in the tissues of the perch is liver(94.86 ?g/kg),followed by gill(51.09 ?g/kg),kidney(23.39 ?g/kg),blood(21.27 ?g/kg),skin(19.35 ?g/kg),and muscle(7.47 ?g/kg).The order of the half-life of MG in the tissues of the perch as follows: gill(990.0 h),liver(346.5 h),skin(346.5 h),kidney(99.0 h),muscle(77.0 h),and blood(63.0 h).After 168 h of elimination,the concentration of MG in the muscle of the perch was less than 0.5 ?g/kg.After 960 h of elimination,the concentration of MG in the skin was less than 0.5 ?g/kg.After 2160 h of elimination,the concentration of MG in the liver of the perch was less than 0.5 ?g/kg.After 168 h of elimination,the concentration of MG in the blood of the perch was less than 0.5 ?g/kg.After 720 h of elimination,the concentration of MG in the kidney of the perch was less than 0.5 ?g/kg.After 2544 h of elimination,the concentration of MG in the kidney of the perch was not less than 0.5 ?g/kg.The maximum concentration of LMG in the tissues of the perch is liver(3607.13 ?g/kg),followed by gill(351.51 ?g/kg),muscle(103.65 ?g/kg),skin(82.10 ?g/kg),kidney(54.38 ?g/kg),and blood(23.26 ?g/kg).The order of the half-life of LMG in the tissues of the perch: muscle(1732.5 h),blood(1732.5 h),skin(1155.0 h),liver(770.0 h),gill(693.1 h),kidney(693.1 h).After 2544 h of elimination,the concentration of LMG in the tisuues of the perch was still higher than 0.5 ?g/kg.In conclusion,this study provided rules of scientific supervision for the government agencies.Moreover,Farmers know the elimination rules of these drugs,so that they fully understand hazards of the nitrofurans and malachite green,and consciously resist the use of these substances in aquaculture,as well as a rational use of the sulfanilamide.The harm of fresh aquatic products can be effectively prevented,thus ensure the quality and safety of fresh aquatic products. |
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