| Two trials were conducted to investigate the effects of spermine on suckling rat, weaned rat and oxidative stress rat, and then the nutrient metabolism, intestinal development were determined.Trial 1, spermine was orally administrated for 3 and 7 days respectively in the suckling rats and weaned rats. In suckling rats, a level of 0 and 0.2?mol/g BW spermine were administrated. In the weaned rats, the level of spermine are 0,0.2 and 0.4?mol/g BW. The results showed that:(1) In suckling phase, the treatment rats that were adminnistrated spermine, comparing to control group, the crypt depth, width and surface area of villus and specific activity of sucrase and maltase in ileum were very significantly increased (P<0.01), and the surface area of villus in jejunum was significantly increased (P<0.05), the surface area of villi in ileum was very significantly increased (P <0.01).Spermine could significantly reduce the levels of a-glucose and ?3-glucose, and significantly increase the levels of lactate acid and creatine in ileum, showed it effect on energy metabolism (P<0.05); Spermine also affected amino acids metabolism, showed that the levels of ileal glutamate, glutamine, methionine and threonine acid in ileum increase significantly (P<0.05), And spermine significantly increase the levels of choline, inositol, scyllo-inositol and glycerol phosphorylcholine in ileum (P<0.05), suggested that spermine can promoted lipid metabolism; Spermine promoted nucleotide metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of cytosine, uracil and cytosine in ileum(P<0.05); Spermine promoted microbial metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of formic acid and lactic acid in ileum(P<0.05); Spermine increased the osmotic pressure of intestinal epithelial cells for significantly increase the levels of taurine, glycerol phosphate, choline, betaine, inositol, trimethylamine oxide in ileum(P<0.05); additionally, it increased the antioxidant capacity of the intestine for significantly increasing the levels of glutathione in ileum (P<0.05). (2) In suckling phase,7d treament compared with 3d,the width of villus in ileum and the crypt depth were very significantly increased (P<0.01),and the crypt depth, surface area of villus and the specific activity of sucrase in jejunum and the width, surface area of villus in ileum were significantly increased (P<0.05). The specific activity of lactase was significantly reduced (P<0.05).Extension of treament time affected the energy metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of ?-glucose,D-galactose and creatine in ileum(P<0.05); Extension of treament time affected the amino acid metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of aspartic acid, glutamate, glycine, lysine and serine in ileum(P<0.05); affected the intestinal microbial metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of lactate and TMAO in ileum(P<0.05).(3) In weaned phase, the rats adminnistrated 0.4?mol/g BW spermine,the width and surface area of villus in ileum were significantly increased(P<0.05); The specific activity of lactase and maltase in jejunum were significantly reduced (P<0.05). the rats adminnistrated 0.2 and 0.4?mol/g BW spermine,the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased(P <0.05).What'more,spermine affected rats' lipid metabolism for significantly increasing levels of lecithin, glycerol phosphate, choline, inositol and acetyl acid (P<0.05);Spermine promoted glucose-alanine cycle for increasing levels of glucose and alanine in plasma (P<0.05); And spermine promoted protein synthesis for increasing the levels of phenylalanine, valine, tyrosine, alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid and lysine in plasma (P<0.05) and the level of asparagine in ileum (P<0.05); Moreover Spermine positively affected the metabolism of intestinal microflora for significantly increasing the levels of plasma trimethylamine, formic acid and acetic acid in plasma.(4) In weaned phase,7d treament compared with 3d,the height and crypt depth of villus in jejunum were very signnificantly increased (P <0.01); The specific activity of maltase was significantly reduced and alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased in jejunum (P<0.05). Extension of treament time affected the energy metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of creatine and branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine)in ileum(P<0.05); Extension of treament time affected the energy metabolism for significantly reducing the levels of asparagine, glutamate, lysine, methionine and taurine in ileum(P<0.05).Trial 2,44 weaned rats were divided into four groups randomly, and a 2x2 experimental design was used, spermine (0 and 0.4?mol/g BW) were administrated orally for 3 days. On the third day, Diquat (0 and 12 mg/kg BW) were injected into abdominal cavity. The results showed that:(1) Spermine promoted protein synthesis for significantly increasing the levels of serine, glycine, glutamic acidin in ileum and the levels of glycine in plasma. Meanwhile, spermine significantly reduce the levels of Aspartate Transaminase and the ratio of urea nitrogen and creatinine in plasma (P<0.05); Spermine promoted lipid synthesis for significantly increasing the levels of inositol, choline, taurine, betaine, ethanolamine in ileum and the levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, choline, phosphorylcholine in plasma (P<0.05).(2) Oxidative stress induced injury of intestinal mucosal caused by Diquat for significantly reducing the ratio of villus height and crypt depth (P<0.05), the height of villus had a downward trend in ileum (P<0.1); Moreover, oxidative stress affected amino acid metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) in plasma (P<0.05); Oxidative stress also induced intestinal tissue damaged for significantly reducing the levels of glutamine acid and asparagine in plasma(P<0.05).what's more, Oxidative stress affected lipid metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate 3-hydroxybutyric acid), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, choline, phosphorylcholine in plasma andcholine, inositol, glycerol phosphorylcholine in ileum (P <0.05). Oxidative stress also promoted energy metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of fumaric acid and plasma creatine in ileum (P<0.05); addition, oxidative stress also affected the metabolism of intestinal microflora for significantly increasing the levels of acetamide in plasma (P<0.05), while significantly reducing the level of lactic acii^n plasma (P<0.05). (3)Spermine relieved mucosal injury caused by oxidative stress for significantly increasing the height, width and surface area of villus in jejunal and the width of villus in ileum (P<0.05). Moreover,Under oxidative stressing, spermine promoted intestinal protein synthesis for significantly reducing the levels of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) in plasma (P<0.05), while significantly increasing the levels of branched amino acid, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, taurine, lysine, tyrosine, serine were in ileum(P<0.05); In addtion,Spermine affected lipid metabolism for significantly increasing the levels of unsaturated fat, lipoprotein lipids and lipid in ileum(P <0.05), while significantly reducing the level of fatty acid metabolites (acetone and 3 hydroxybutyrate) in plasma (P<0.05).Our research shows that spermine promotes the small intestinal development in suckling rat by promoting intestinal amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and the cell membrane synthesis, increaseing intestinal cell osmotic pressure and intestinal antioxidant, affected the metabolism of intestinal microflora.Extension of treament time can effectively improve the effects of spermine. Intraperitoneal injection of 12mg/kg BW of Diquat, successfully established model of oxidative stress,which induces intestinal mucosal injury, promoting energy and lipid metabolism, and affecting aminoacid metabolism and the growth of microorganisms in ileum.Spermine could alleviate the damage of intestinal that caused by oxidative stress through affecting lipid metabolism, promoting protein synthesis and protecting the integrity of the intestinal mucosa. |
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