Effect Of Temperature On Development Of Sealed Queen Brood Of Apis Mellifera Ligustica

Honeybee is a typical eusocial insect,and the queen is the only female bee that lays eggs in normal colony.Temperature is considered as the most significant ecological factor during the queen's development.For the purpose to find out the influence of temperature on the queen development,we reared the sealed queen cells Apis mellifera ligustica at the constant temperature of 28-39 ? respectively.The result showed that when the temperature fluctuated from normal developmental temperature,the rate of emergence,developmental period,emergence weight,the morphology of wing,abdomen,postpedes,vein's variance and development stability were significantly influenced.The details were as follows:(1)There were no significant differences among rates of emergence,which were between 91.60%and 98.23%,when the developing temperature from 32? to 36?.The emergence rate was significantly dropped when the rearing temperature below 32 ? or above 36?.The queen could not emerge at 38? and 29?.So the queen's development temperature zone is 30?37 ?.(2)When capped queen cells incubated at 30?37?,developmental periods changed between 168.88 to 306.20 h,which shortened with the developing temperature increased.The birth weights were between 201 mg and 258.12 mg,and remained the same at 33?36?.When it deviated from 33?36?,the birth weights would decreased significantly.(3)At the queen's development temperature zone,when the rearing temperature deviated from the optimal temperature 35?,the development of the wing,abdominal organ,and the postpedes of the emerged queen were influenced.Wing length and width,length of the 3,4,5,6 tergites,length of the 4,7 sternites,length of femur,length of tibia,metatarsus length and metatarsus width were shorten and some wing angels changed at different degrees.(4)We also discovered the wing vein deformities at 11 positions of the emerged queens due to the rearing temperature.The mutations had two types:appearance of new vein and disappearing or shorted of virgin vein.We found that due to higher developing temperature,veins tended to be disappearing or shorted of virgin vein and due to lower developing temperature,veins tended to appear new vein.(5)For the development stability,we selected eight wing characters to find out the influence of the temperature on fluctucting asymmetry(FA)of the emerged queen.,The results showed that cutial a could reflect the influence of the temperature on the development stability well.At suitable temperature range 33?35?,the FA level was very low,indicating the well development stability,whereas at the lower or the higher temperature,the FA level increased indicating the decreased developmental stability.