| Objective:Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies,which is a huge threat to human health.Lung cancer is also the main cause of cancer related death.About 1.8 million new lung cancer patients were found every year.It has the fastest rising incidence,especially in the developing countries.The previous study found that the incidence of lung cancer in China increased year by year during 1988 ~2002,average annual growth rate was up to 1.63%(male 1.30% and female 2.34%).Lung cancer became a main cause of cancer death in men in the 1950 s,and the incidence of lung cancer in female was increasing.In recent years,the rate in female was higher than men,especially in developed countries like American.The high incidence of lung cancer is at 45 to 65 years old.High peak age of lung cancer in developed countries is older than that in developing countries.The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer in different countries and regions are variable.There were studies found that lung cancer presented a downward trend in developed countries and an opposite trend in developing countries.In the same country,the rate in cities and regions with industrial park is also higher than rural areas.The patients with lung cancer have a poor prognosis and 5-year survival.And the quality of life is poor,too.With the emergence of drug resistance,there are enormous challenges in the treatment of lung cancer.The risk factors of lung cancer are variable,the relationship between lung cancer and many other factors besides smoking is still unclear.Therefore,we use case-control study to investigate the risk factors of lung cancer and provide theoretical evidence for preventing it.Methods:A case-control study was carried out,the cases and the controls were 1:1matched by sex and age to exclude their effects on the study.The case patients with primary lung cancer were collected from January 1,2015 to December 31,2015 who were diagnosed by histological gold standard.They were above 30 years old,and lived locally more than 5 years.They knew clearly about the illness status and were willing to participate in this study.The controls were brothers or sisters of the patients or their neighbors in the same sex.The difference of ages were between 3 years,living in the same places with cases for more than 5 years.The controls had no diseases related to lung cancer.The exposure information of risk factors was expressed by the well-designed questionnaire including general conditions,the history of smoking and drinking,past medical history and so on.The social and psychological factors were investigated using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(Adult Edition).Questionnaires were collected and inputted by trained staffs.Then the definition and classification was carried out.The result of measurement data are expressed by mean ± standard deviations.The difference among enumeration data was compared using chi-square test.Then we investigated the risk factors related to lung cancer by logistic regression analysis.Results:1 The base data of the study objectsThere were 312 lung cancer patients enrolled in our study,and the number of controls was also 312.The age of cases ranged from 31 to 86 years old,the average age was 62.92±12.04 years old.The number of 30~35,36~55,56~75 and 76~86 was 5(1.61%),66(21.15%),194(62.18%)and 47(15.06%)respectively.There were 225(72.11%)men and 87(27.89%)women.Tumor in upper lobe was 155(49.68%),middle lobe was 19(6.09%)and inferior lobe was 138(44.23%).There were 215(68.91%)patients lived in city and 97(31.09%)patients lived in country.The age of controls ranged from 30 to 83 years old,the average age was 62.22±10.63 years old.The number of 30~35,36~55,56~75 and 76~83 was 7(2.24%),73(23.40%),189(60.58%)and 43(13.78%)respectively.There were 225(72.11%)men and 87(27.89%)women.There were 207(66.35%)patients lived in city and 105(33.65%)patients lived in country,P>0.05.2 The result of single factor analysis to risk factors of lung cancerCases with a normal BMI were 109(34.94%),overweight were 167(53.53%)and obesity were 36(11.53%),and the number in controls were 171(54.81%),116(37.18%)and 25(8.01%),P<0.001.There were 98(31.41%)cases graduating from primary school,124(39.74%)cases graduating from middle school,71(22.76%)cases graduating from high school and 19(6.09%)cases graduating from college.There were 83(26.60%)controls graduating from primary school,65(20.83%)controls graduating from middle school,141(45.19%)controls graduating from high school and 23(7.38%)controls graduating from college,P<0.001.The number of the cases in different income level were 23(7.37%),89(28.53%),106(33.97%)and 94(30.13%).The controls were 34(10.90%),75(24.04%),121(38.78%)and 82(26.28%)respectively.9(2.88%)cases were spinsterhood,148(47.44%)were married,100(32.05%)were divorced and 55(17.63%)were widowed.8(2.56%)controls were spinsterhood,198(63.46%)were married,62(19.87%)were divorced and 44(14.11%)were widowed,P=0.001.Compared with the non-smokers,the smokers had a high risk of lung cancer and the OR was 2.10.The population with a history of drinks had no difference with others,P=0.634 and OR=1.09.The OR of family history was 2.57.Lung disease history is also a risk factor of lung cancer,OR=1.92.The P value between passive smokers and others was 0.009,OR=2.55.The score of E,P,N and L in patients were 45.77±8.40,59.23±10.37,51.36±9.32,49.98±8.10.And the score of E,P,N and L in controls were 51.75±12.28,52.98±11.12,50.71±8.77 and 48.06±7.90.3 The result of logistic regression analysisOur study showed that the main factors affected the lung cancer were as listed: BMI,family history,smoking history,lung diseases history,P and L in EPQ.All P< 0.05 and OR>1.Conclusions:According to this study we found the risk factors of lung cancer were BMI,family history,smoking history,lung diseases history,P and L.Therefore we can take measures related to these factors to prevent lung cancer reducing its harm to human body and society. |
PDF Full Text Request