The Mechanism Of Chondroitin Sulfate And Berberine Induces Alteration Of Gut Microbiota And Tissues Lesion In Mice

ObjectiveWith the achievement of research,the association and influence of intestinal flora on human health has become consensus inthe scientific community.Because of the wide variety of intestinal flora,and there are individual differences,the roles of bacteria on the human body are needed to be resolved.Meat-contained of chondroitin sulfate as a health care products has been used for the treatment of joint injury,but there are studies indicating that chondroitin sulfate can nourish bacteria.Therefore,this study intends to adopt the method of intragastric administration of chondroitin sulfate in mice toestablish an intestinal flora imbalance model that induces inflammation and even inflammatory diseases,thereby confirming its indirect effects on the body.We also the use antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs to treat the model for providing an experimental basis during finding the adverse factors and solving the problem.Material and methodsBy intragastric administration of chondroitin sulfate to the intestinal dysentery model,it is expected that the intestinal bacteria and the sulfate-reducing bacteria are increased in the intestinal sulfatase,and the excessive secretion of hydrogen sulfide leads to intestinal injury.We exploited the inflammatorymarkers(LPS,TNF?,TLR4,CCL2,TNFR1,iNOS),Alzheimer's disease markers(A?,PS1),Hypoxiamarkers(HIF-1?,VEGF,EPO,CYCS),tumor markers(Cyclin D1,p21),bacterial enzyme markers(sulfatase,ATP sulfurylase),intestinal in jury markers(MUC1,MUC4,Slpi),fat and fatty liver markers(oil red 0 staining,transmission electron microscopy),to assess the inflammatory damage using intestinal imbalance model.By employing berberine hydrochloride as a therapeutic drug and cefotaxime sodium as a positive control drug,we explore the effect of antimicrobial drugs on the model,in which the effects of antibioticson intestinal flora imbalance have been preliminarily analyzed.ResultsCompared with the control group,the intestinal microflora of mice treated with chondroitin sulfate for 8 weeks showed a significant increase in the abundance of intestinal bacteria,the increase of sulfatase and sulfatase-secreting bacteria and the increase of H2S release from sulfate-reducing bacteria.Mice developed symptoms of arthritis at 4 weeks after 8 weeks of gestation.Mice showed tumor-like hyperplasia at 8 weeks after 12 weeks of gestation.The level of TNF a in the brain,serum,liver and muscle of mice with arthritis was increased,but the level of LPS was decreased,the level of A? increased and the level of PS1 decreased.The hypoxia factor in the fat are increased,mitochondria decreased,intestinal Slpi and MUC1,MUC4 secretion increased,and fatty liver-like lesions.Finally,after treatment with berberine and cefotaxime it was found thatthe symptoms of cefotaxime-treated mice were reduced,and those of berberine-treated mice were aggravated.Chondroitin sulfate can enrich some intestinal flora,destroy the intestinal barrier,and induce systemic inflammation and disease,The antibacterial effect of berberine hydrochloride on the model of the treatment effect is not ideal.