The Effect Of The Goal Orientation And The Time Pressure On The Insight Problem Solving

According to the Abram Kardiner interaction theory,the individual behaviors concerning the insight problem solving are closely related to the interaction between the individual differences and the environment.Goal orientation is a stable individual trait,but in different situations,the individuals will have different behaviors,which are mainly reflected on the goal orientation they are.However,the previous research showed that the inconsistent performance of different goal-oriented people at the time pressure level has a significant impact on the individuals' creative behaviors.The goal orientation and the time pressure were used as independent variables to investigate the effect of goal orientation and the time pressure on insight problem solving and their interaction.But the deference among different time pressure conditions was not clear and require further research.In order to know the cognitive mechanism of the insight problem solving by the goal orientation and the time pressure,the remote association test(RAT)whose questions are highly standardized and answers consume less time as the test material was adopted.The time pressure was maniple through limiting the length of duration of the individual takes to answer the questions and tracks records of eye movement contrail in the process of solution of the tested problem.The cognitive process about short-answer questions and the insight problem solving is similar,but participates need less time to answer every question shortly in RAT in order to cater for the research on insight problems in the experiment.After screening of the pre-experiment,we can control some irrelevant variables better such as the difficulty of the problems,the reaction time and so on.Therefore the task of this research is to use RAT as the item of the insight problem solving.In the study,we adopt the mixed experimental design--2(learning goal orientation,performance goal orientation)×3(no time pressure,low time pressure,high time pressure).The independent variables are the learning goal and the time pressure.The dependent variables are the reaction time and accuracy of individual insight problem solving,and the corresponding eye movement index.What's more,we use the repetitive measurement of variance and simple effect analysis to process data.The experiment is divided into three parts.The first part is pre-experiment,the task of which is to screen the questions in RAT and to ensure that at different levels of time pressure the accuracy and the reaction time of the questions are at the same level,and to set the reaction time under high time and low time pressure conditions according to the result of the pre-experiment so as to determine the appropriate time pressure.The second part is the behavior experiment.The task is to investigate the influence of the goal orientation and the time pressure on the insight problem solving,in other words,to investigate the accuracy and reaction time of subjects on RAT.The results of the study shows that the main effect of the goal orientation is not significant from the point of the correct rate index in insight problem solving,and the main effect of the time pressure is significant.The interaction between the goal orientation and the time pressure is significant.The further simple effect analysis shows that in the learning goal orientation groups,the group without time pressure gains the best grades in the insight problem solving test and the difference between the groups under no and high time pressure is significant.In the performance orientation group,the performance of the subjects in the low time pressure was significantly higher than that of no time pressure group and high time pressure group.The performance under no time pressure conditions was significantly better than the performance under the condition of high time pressure.In the reaction time indicators,the main effect of goal orientation and time pressure are significant.Interaction between goal orientation and time pressure is significant.Further simple effect analysis found that under no time pressure condition,the response of learning-goal-orientated individuals was significantly higher than that of performance-orientated individuals,while there was no significant difference between low time pressure condition and high time pressure condition.The third part is the eye movement experiment,we recorded eye movement indicators(the number of fixation and conversion,the residence time in the region of interest)through eye tracker to further explore the effect of goal orientation and time pressure have on solving insight problems.In the eye movement index,the fixation times have significant main effect on time and insignificant main effect on the goal orientation,and the interaction effect of them is significant.In the number of conversion index,the main effect of time pressure is significant,but the main effect of goal orientation is not,and the interaction between the two is significant.From the residence time in the region of interest,the main effect of goal orientation and time pressure are both significant,and the interaction between the two is significant.In summary,the behavior and the eye movement result both indicate that under time pressure,individuals oriented by learning goal were less affected and insusceptible to the interference of external conditions.While the individuals oriented by performance goal tend to adjust self-behavior easily to different situations.Therefore,different time pressures should be set for different goal oriented people so as to stimulate the positive elements in the individual characteristics for better performance.