Exchange And Communication Activities Of Man Of Letters At The End Of Eastern Han Dynasty

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the society and politics were surging,and the economy and culture development have twists and turns.After the domination of Emperor Han He Di,the alternative assumption of power was taken in the hands of eunuchs and relatives of a king or an emperor on the side of his mother or wives,which leads to a mass of political situation,management selection system was badly damaged and was poorly implemented,corruption and bribery make it harder for intellectuals to became officials.With the focus of some emperors put on education and schools and dense academic atmosphere,it is more prevailed to made study tour and took someone as a teacher.And with the Confucius culture continued to go down and the Taoist culture gradually rising,man of letters,to some extent,emancipated their minds and came to foster individual conscious.At the same time,soaring manorial economy made the powerful families the main body of social economy.During that time,led by various of factors,scholars engaged in the flow of extensive exchanges and make friends.As time goes on,changes taken place in the form of these activities,which given the imprint of the times and had its own characteristics of that time.In the vigorous wave of communication,intellectuals put their feelings during their activities into words,as a result,lots of work emerged as the times require,that's the so called “association literature” that made extensive and deep impact on the style,content,theme,genre and skills used in their works at that time.Meanwhile,creation of that time do made correspondent influence on their communication activities and can not be ignored.This paper mainly interpret the period from the first year of the emperor of He to the second year of the emperor of Ling in the Han Dynasty(A.D.89-A.D.188).The author explore the two-way interactive relationship between the communication activities of scholars and their literature creation at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty through carding,textual research and analysis on lots of literature works and relative historical materials.The first chapter mainly introduce relative historical background and rough guide of communication activities;the second,third and fourth chapter are the main content of this paper.The second chapter focus on the communication activities of that time and its evolution.These activities can be divided into various forms grounded on their nature,content and method,namely,spirit-oriented and benefit-oriented association,politicaland academic exchanges and activities,direct and indirect communication.According its evolution,it can be divided into two period from Shun Huan occasion,the former period covers the emperor of He and the emperor of Shun period,and the later period rang from the emperor of Huan and the emperor of Ling period.At the end of this chapter,we can study on the reasons of the evolution of scholars at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty from economic foundation,culture,academy,political environment at that time.The third chapter mainly introduce the influence of these communication activities made on literature creation by interpreting the style,theme,genre and skill of literature.First of all,exchanges and activities made by man of letters at the end of Han Dynasty stimulate the emergence of impassioned and natural style;secondly,it broadened the content and theme of literature work of that time,with increased number of work criticized social reality and expressed their farewell and missing about relatives;and it enriched literary genre of that time with the letter and inscription came to be prosperous;ultimately,it improved scholars' skill on their work,particularly shown on the creation.Scholars at that time preferred to parallelism and classical citation,which became the unique characteristics of the improvement of scholars.The fourth chapter mainly discuss the influence of the literary creation made on people's communication by focusing on the following three aspects.First,literature work of the end of Eastern Han Dynasty truly record the man of letters' communication activities.Second,literary activities made in the end of Eastern Han Dynasty,particularly the literary creation on exchanges and tours,effectively propel the transmission and transformation of scholars' mind about communication activities;third,the literary tendency of these man of letters' exchanges and activities.