Study On The "Bureaucratization Naturalized Flow"in Sangzhi Chieftain In Qing Dynasty

As an important phenomenon in the history of China,the bureaucratization of native officers is a system of Qing Government to consolidate the centralization,strengthen the rule of the central government over the southwest minorities,abolish the native chieftain system and appoint transient officers for local jurisdiction.Large-scale "bureaucratization of native officers" began in the fourth year under the reign of Emperor Yongzheng(1726 AD).The bureaucratization of native officers in Hubei and Hunan provinces was completed earlier in Qing Government’s implementation of this policy.Under the influence of the bureaucratization policy of native officers,four representative chieftains(Yongshun Chieftain,Baojing Chieftain,Rongmei Chieftain and Sangzhi Chieftain)in Hubei and Hunan provinces joined in the bureaucratization of native officers in succession,in which the bureaucratization of native officers of Sangzhi Chieftain was representative with profound effects.The Sangzhi Chieftain had a long history.The predecessor of Sangzhi Pacification Office was Huangxizhou over nine hundred years ago,which was changed into Sangzhi Chieftain in the thirtieth year in Shaoxing period of Emperor Gaozu of Song(Year 1160).In Yuan Dynasty,the senior Sangzhi and junior Sangzhi were established.Sangzhi became the name of the chieftain from Yuan Dynasty.In the fourth year of Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty(1371 AD),the central government set up Anfu Independent Battalion.In the twenty-first year of Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty(1388 AD),Xia Dezhong,son of Xia Changgui who was the general of Anfu Independent Battalion,"rose in revolt in collusion with minorities in Jiuxi",in which Sangzhi Chieftain got involved.Sangzhi Chieftain was abolished after the rebellion was put down.Until the fourth year under the reign of Emperor Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty(1647 AD),Sangzhi Chieftain was submitted to the Qing Dynasty and was reinstated.In the fourth year under the reign of Emperor Yongzheng(1726 AD),insurgency occurred in Sangzhi Chieftain on account of the dereliction of duties of administrative officials.In the seventh year under the reign of Emperor Yongzheng(1729 AD),the Pacification Office was abolished and Sangzhi Pacification Office fell.Through the research on the bureaucratization of native officers of Sangzhi Chieftain in this article,the discussion is carried out mainly from five aspects including the establishment and development of the native chieftain system in Sangzhi as well as the background,process,features and effects of the "bureaucratization of native officers" of SangZhi Chieftain.As the national strength of Qing Dynasty became strong,the abolition of the native chieftain system was inevitable for the realization of the national unity.However,the central government did not rush to carry out the bureaucratization of native officers in order to stabilize local authorities.As Wu Sangui Event occurred,there was a corresponding transformation in the attitude of Qing Government to the native chieftain system,which laid a foundation for full implementation of bureaucratization of native officers.The bureaucratization of native officers was carried out in Hubei and Hunan provinces and all over the country.The bureaucratization of native officers of Sangzhi Chieftain was not only affected by the policy in all over the country,but also related to the long-standing abuse during the long-term governance.The process of the bureaucratization of native officers of Sangzhi Chieftain is mainly divided into three important periods.It began in the fourth years under the reign of Emperor Yongzheng with gradual deepening and was finally completed until the thirteenth year under the reign of Emperor Yongzheng(1735 AD).The change of Qing Government’s administrative planning on Sangzhi Chieftain,the resettlement of the chieftain and the management of the region after the bureaucratization of native officers embodied the coerciveness of bureaucratization of native officers implemented by Qing Government.And the completion of bureaucratization of native officers of Sangzhi Chieftain promoted the development of local politics,economy and culture,but there were some limitations at the same time.