On The Evolution Of American Affirmative Action

In 1961 President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925,in which the word "affirmative action" was first mentioned.But the academic community generally agreed that the Executive Order 11246 promulgated by President Johnson in 1965 was a sign of affirmative action establishment.The affirmative action policy is an administrative order issued by the US government in a form of federal contracts,to help ethnic minorities(African,Latino,Indian,Asian)and women aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in the history of the United States.This thesis indicates the reasons for the rise and development of affirmative action policy in the 1940 s and 1960 s is the civil rights movement.However,affirmative action quickly aroused controversy in the 70 s.By examining affirmative action challenging specific events and related disputes,the reason for the affirmative action to be challenged is the rise of neo-conservatism,and the legacy of white privilege.The first chapter summarizes the books and periodicals of the reasons for the rise,development and challenge of research affirmative action at home and abroad.The second chapter examines the historical background of affirmative action policy,believing that the rise of affirmative action is inseparable from the civil rights movement.The Randolph led "March on Washington Movement" forced President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 to establish a Fair Employment Executive Committee,which laid a solid foundation for the rise of affirmative action policies.The 1950 s was a stage of vigorous development of the American civil rights movement,in which the Boycott in Montgomery events,the Little Rock events and the Sitting Down were victorious.The development of the civil rights movement has had a tremendous impact on American society,the most direct of which is the influence of American politics,which makes the president have to pay attention to the black problem.The third chapter is "the US government?s affirmative action",which mainly discusses President Kennedy and Executive Order 10925,Johnson and the Civil Rights Act and Executive Order 11246,Nixon and Philadelphia plans.During the tenure of the three presidents,affirmative action policies were established and developed.It is noteworthy that during this period the civil rights movement still played a positive role in the establishment and development of affirmative action policies.The fourth chapter is "affirmative action policy is challenged".Affirmative action was constantly disputed from the introduction,so that the Supreme Court began to hear its constitutionality,President Regan took measures against affirmative action,and some states abolished affirmative action.Nowadays affirmative action is still legal in most states of the United States,but it is also limited.The article argues that affirmative action policy is challenged by the plight of affirmative action itself,the legacy of white privilege and the rise of neo-conservatism.