Is The Core Of Intelligence Computation?

2016 was known as the year of spanning development of artificial intelligence.But in the sixty years of development,there are still some controversial philosophical issues.Among them,the one need to pay special attention to is the core issue of intelligence.We generally hold that people are intelligent,and other things are not intelligent,the reason for this judgment is that people have something other things that are not.What is this thing?The answer to this question is also an answer to the nature of intelligence.Historically,the broad view is that computation is the core of intelligence.The analysis of this assertion gives a clearer answer to this question.Researching on the appropriate solution to this problem,it is more appropriate to start from two aspects.On the one hand,in the early stages of artificial intelligence,there are some schools which consider the core of intelligence as computation.Back to this history,we can find the origin of the point which think of the computation as the core,then judge them.On the other hand,we can argue the unreasonableness of the point from the dilemma faced by computationalism,such as semantics,applicability and so on.For the first aspect,in the history of predecessors' research on related issues,with the birth and prosperity of computers,we can see a clear venation,and the hypothesis of computation as the core of intelligence was established step by step.Hobbes put forward the original idea of "reasoning as computation".Leibniz symbolized the human mind in symbolic form,and created a cognitive precedent.Although the association of thinking,thought,and computation has begun to sprout,this enlightening idea is confined to connotative calculus,and his theory of mind is merely a computational view of mathematical calculus.Later,Turing put forward the Turing machine's view,he thought the brain state,the state of mind can realized through its general computer.In his view,these processes such as the brain,the mind were essentially the input,output,state changes of computing process.The origin developed the traditional computationalist view,especially with the early Putnam's computational functionalism and Simmons,Newell's physical symbolic computing system.Putnam argues that the relationship between the mind and its physical realization is similar to the relationship between the computer program and the hardware that is realized.Simmons argues that a physical symbol system is sufficient and necessary for general intelligent behavior.These classic computationalism are all accused by some points,such as intentionally and trivial.For the second aspect,the formation and development of the above-mentioned computationalism has been rejected by many scholars.One of the more influential is Searle's Chinese Room argument.Searle's argument impacts the foundation of the computationalism from the side.At this point,Fodor's new interpretation of computationalism,in a sense,responds to the semantic missing problem in symbolic operations.His computational theory of mind holds that the reason why the mental state means that P,because there is a mental representation means that P,the mental representation have the property of "first person",and the proposition attitude"inheritance" these basic properties from the common elements of mental representation.Therefore,the mental state appear the basic intentionality,that is,semantic content.However,this does not mean that the core point of view is reliable,it will still be criticized.There are two shortcomings with the view that computation as the core of intelligence.One is from the theory itself,the other is from the different forms of interpretation of the concept of computation.For the theory itself,there are some illnesses that computionalism can not be overcome.This universality that any physical system can be regarded as computation system will lead to trivial question;there are some mental process that can not be computation modeling;computational theory lack of concerns of time which is the important property of mind,and the continuity and simultaneity of mind can not be simulated by computation;the nerve signal is closely related to intelligence,the diffusion of its chemical substance can not be achieved by computation.Which makes the view can not be based.For the concept of computation,we must first mention the recent development of computationalism.Some proponents of computationalism have supplemented or modified them.Scheutz advocates to revise the concept of "computation" to make computation a concrete,semantic,interactive or intentional concept.Haugeland argues that the concept of computation itself should be self-critical and "responsible",and that the question of intentionality(semantics)is self-evident,but that is based on"cognition is computational".Figdor's position is to modify the model at the least extent and to provide some space to solve the problem of computationalist causal effect.Mcdermott believes that on the one hand,some symbols themselves have meaning,on the other hand,the meaning of the symbol structure is shown through the relationship between its system and the external environment.For Clapin,people have tacit representation,and the computer does not.Human have intentionality just because of the role of tacit representation.Researchers invariably focus the debate on the redefining of the concept of"computation",and the clarification of this concept determines whether computationalism is a suitable theory of interpretation.I will analyze the concept of computation away from others' views,from the original use of mathematical computation to the definition of computation in computer,we can see that the computation is the symbol operation through the algorithm.Analyzing the views of Fodor and others,we can find that the interpretation of symbols is different for different people.If you use symbols in a strict sense,because the object which mental representation manipulate is different from the object which computation manipulate,and the later can not be reduced to simple symbol,so it is questionable for the view that representation is computable.The view that regard computation as core of the intelligence is inappropriate.The way in which the mind runs essentially is different from the way of computation,and it can only be said that it is manipulation of mental representation.