Ecological Suitability Analysis And Transcriptomics Research On The Origin Of Fritillaria Cirrhosa

The 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia states that the drug Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae originates from the bulbs of six Fritillaria species:F.cirrhosa D.Don,F.unibracteata Hsiao et K.C.Hsia,.przewalskii Maxim.,F.delavayi Franch.,F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li,and F.unibracteata Hsiao et K.C.Hsia var.wabuensis,has been widely used as an important antitussive drug worldwide.However,the habitat area of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae species has decreased over time because of climate change,human impacts,and market demand.Therefore,it's necessary to explore appropriate growing environments for Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae and provide scientific evidence for where these species can be successfully planted.This research applied the Geographic Information System for Global Medicinal Plants(GMPGIS)to assess the global production and ecological adaptation of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae.We analyzed key ecological factors,such as temperature,relative humidity,annual radiation and precipitation,and soil properties,of sampling areas that represent the main production and distribution areas of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae.We also carried out a computerized analysis of ecological similarity.Based on the results of these analyses,we identified areas of maximum ecological similarity for Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae worldwide.Our results indicated that China provided the most suitable ecological and cultivated areas for Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae worldwide,because China accounted for more than 57%of the total cultivable area suitable for this species,followed by the United States,which accounted for approximately 29%of potentially cultivable area.In addition,countries such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are potentially suitable production areas.Within China,potentially suitable provinces for producing this medicinal resource included Sichuan,Xizang,Gansu,Qinghai,and Yunnan.To our knowledge,these findings are the first to provide information for predicting new regions for cultivating Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae on a global scale and might provide a scientific basis for introducing,cultivating,and producing Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae worldwide in the future.In addition,the alkaloid content of medicinal active ingredients for antitussives of Fritillaria cirrhosa is relatively low.Traditional methods for separating and extracting alkaloids not only long time consuming,high costs,difficult separation and purification,but also huge resource consumption.Biosynthesis can well solve this problem.Therefore,it is of great value to study the metabolic biosynthetic pathway of Fritillaria cirrhosae for biosynthesis of alkaloids using biotechnology.In this study,the bulbs and leaves of Fritillaria cirrhosa were sequenced on the Illumina Hiseq2000 high-throughput sequencing platform and the 6.1353G and 6.2670G Clean Bases were obtained.After Trinity assembly and clustering,the Unigene was obtained as 36002 and 36660,respectively.Assembled 44973 Unigenes.Gene function annotations using six databases,including:NR,NT,GO,COG,KEGG,Swissprot,a total of 33,824 Unigene(75.21%)were annotated.After further analysis,38737 Unigenes CDS were obtained,and bulbs and leaves found 108780 and 127947 SNPs,respectively.A total of 3,817 SSRs were detected and distributed in 3367 sequences.A total of 12661 differentially expressed genes were detected in bulbs and leaves of Fritillaria cirrhosa.A total of 4856 genes were up-regulated in bulbs,7805 genes were up-regulated in leaves,and to analyze them about GO enrichment analysis?KEGG enrichment analysis and transcription factors.Excavate genes associated with bulb development,resistance to stress,and alkaloid synthesis.Finally,Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to detect the relative expression of the stress-resistant genes in the four different growth stages of Fritillaria cirrhosa,"YP","SR","DL" and "AYP".The genes expression new phenotype "AYP" were found to be relative higher and it was assumed that this new phenotype of Fritillaria cirrhosa may have arisen under adverse conditions.