Inequality Of Employment Opportunities In The State Sector

Along with the advancement of reform and high-speed economic growth,inequality of income is increasing.Even the specific indicators of income distribution are still controversial,the academic community has become a consensus that the income inequality has been very serious in China.The income gap between the state sector and the non-state sector is the contribution of income inequality,and the analysis of the inequality of the state-owned employment opportunities can provide a deeper understanding of the current situation and causes of China's income inequality.This paper bases on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)and uses HOI index(Human Opportunity Index)and decomposition method to analyze the inequality of employment opportunities in the state sector.First,we build the logit model and calculate inequality on the results of the model.The results showed that with the passage of time,C index(Coverage rate)and HOI index showed a monotonically decreasing trend,while the D index(Dissimilarity index)showed a monotonically increasing trend.This means that the average coverage rate and the fair coverage rate of the employment opportunities were declining over time,while individual differences of the employment opportunities were increasing.The employment opportunity has increased over time.Secondly,this paper decomposes the change of HOI index into composition effect,scale effect and equalization effect.It is found that composition effect and scale effect contributed to index changing significantly,which indicated that the increase of inequality of employment opportunity is mainly affected by the positive impact of changing in population structure and average coverage.Then,Shapley decomposition is used to analyze the contribution rate of"environment" factors and "effort" factors.It is found that the average contribution rate of "effort" factors is 63.54%,which is higher than the average contribution rate of "environment" factors(36.36%),indicating that individual employment opportunities are greater by the impact of individual efforts.Among them,the average contribution rate of the education level(58.37%)is the highest,and the average contribution rate of the family background(32.98%)is the second.With the passage of time,the contribution rate of "effort" factors rises first and then descends,while the contribution rate of "environment" factors is the opposite.Thus,the employment inequality began to be influenced by the increase of contribution rate of"environment" factors in the potential threat,and we need to prevent the negative effects of its potential continued upward trend.Finally,considering the particularity of the employment opportunities created by the special pattern of industrial ownership in the northeast,this paper carries out a horizontal comparative analysis of the inequality of employment opportunities in the northeast and other region.The proportion of state-owned enterprises in the northeast is higher than that in the other region,which leads to higher HOI index in the northeast.The proportion of "effort" factors account for more than 60%in each region.The "effort" factors in the other region account for a higher proportion,while the "environment" factors in the northeast account for a higher proportion.This shows that compared to the northeastern region,the other region return more effects on state-sector employment opportunity due to personal efforts.If the gap between contribution rate of northeast and other region continues to expand,this will not be conducive to the balanced development of economy.