The Biogeography Of Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) From China

Issidae Belongs to Fulgoroidea,Auchenorrhyncha,Hemiptera,which are konwn 1011 species and 169 genera in the world,and 190 species and 45 genera in China.In this paper,the species composition and distribution of theknown Issidae in China was counted firstly and species diversity,distribution pattern,origin and evolution was studied systematically.The result as follows:1.Species diversity of Issidae in ChinaThere are 45 genera 190 species in China,which account for 28.12% and 18.79% of the total number of the known genera and species arcoss world respectivetly.The endemic genera and species are abundant,26 genera and160 species,accounting for 57.78% and 84.21% of the known genera and species in China respectivetly.Hemisphaeriini is the richest tribe,which has 81 species(42.63%);Issini take the second place and has 74 species(38.94%);Parahiraciini is the least,including 35 species(18.42%).2.Faunal analysis of Issidae in ChinaFaunal analysis of Issidae(the 190 species and 45genera)in China indicate that the number of genera and species are the most abundant in the Oriental realm with 30 genera and 185 species,and the type of acrossing Oriental and Palaearctic account for main role,occpied 10 genera and 182 species in zoogeographic region of World.All conclusion show the similarity of Oriental and Palaearctic realm than others and exist stronger connection.In zoogeographic region of China,the number of genera and species are the most abundant in the Huanan region with 36 genera and 150 species and are the second place in Huazhong region with 27 genera and 57 species,and the type of acrossing Huanan and Huazhong,acounting for 14 genera and 20 species.They reflected stronger similarity and connection.The method of accumulated patterns with specified realm further shows that the Oriental and Palaearctic realm are most closely related,while South China and Central China are most strongly connected with each other.Besides,endemic species and all species does not obvious distinction.The distributional and endemic center of Chinese Issidae lies in Taiwan,Southern Yunnan hilly and Western mountainous plateau subregion.3.Distribution pattern of Issidae in ChinaAccording to the 45 genera and 190 species of Issidae in China and distribution characteristic of eachgenera,it is shown that the diversity and endemic center of Hemisphaeriini lies in Taiwan,Southern Yunnan hilly and Western mountainous plateau subregion,diversity center of Parahiraciini lie in Western mountainous plateausubregion and while endemic center is Southern Yunnan hilly and Western mountainous plateau subregion and the diversity and endemic center of Issini is Taiwan subregion.The distribution patterns of genera are segregated into7 categorie,namely Oriental,Palaearctic,Eastern Asia,Central Asia,Oriental-Palaearctic-Australia and OrientalPalaearctic-Australia-Nearctic pattern.Among these pattern,Oriental distribution pattern is predominant,including10 genera.The geographical distribution pattern of the family Issidae in China is shown more intuitively by Arcgis10.2.The area cladogram suggests that distribution of these insects formed firstly in Dongbei,Huabei,then Mengxin,Qingzang,finally in Xinan,Xuazhong,Huanan,reflecting Xuazhong and Huanan region are distribution centers of Issidae in China.The dendrogram shows that the result of cluster analysis of subregions is different from the division of zoogeographic subregion in China,such as Min-guang coastal subregion joined Eastern hillock-plain subregion firstyly,then cluster other subregion of Huanan and Huazhong.It is shown that two region has Frequent exchange of species and high similarity.The regions of Huabei and Dongbei cluster firstly in terms of other Palaearctic subregions and then join other Orientals subregions.4.The origin and spread of IssidaeThe origin time of Issidae is at least in the continental drift period,that means before the MesozoicTriassi(250Ma)and origin center is Palaearctic realm with original characteristics of Laurasia,and spread Nearctic,Neotropical,Oriental,Afrotropical and Australian realm.Chinese Issidae has strong original characteristics of Laurasia and spread from North to South,which formed distribution and differentiation center in Taiwan,Southern Yunnan hilly and Western mountainous plateau subregion.Meanswhile,the evolutional relationships of the tribe level of Issidae in China showed that Issini was the most original,Parahiraciini took second place,and the most evolutional was Hemisphaeriini.