| Daweishan Nature Reserve is located in the eastern part of Hunan Province,which has high biodiversity.However,there has been no special investigation of large and medium-sized mammals and understory birds since its establishment.Taking the project of "National Observation of Large and Medium-sized Mammals" launched by the Ministry of Environmental Protection at the end of 2016 as an opportunity,total of 60 infrared cameras were installed in the district and Zhangfang Town from March 2017 to December 2018 to monitor the diversity,geographical distribution and activity rhythm of dominant species of large and medium-sized manmmals and understory birds,and to provide basic information for the future management and protection of the reserve.The research methods are as follows-:1.In Daweishan Nature Reserve,two 10 km x 10 km sample plots were set up,and one 10 km × 10 km sample plot was set up in Zhangfang Town,7 km away from Daweishan Nature Reserve.According to the kilometer grid method,20 infrared cameras were set up at the density of 1/km2 in each sample plot,and 60 infrared cameras were set up.The monitoring time is 21 months,and the camera data is recovered once every 4 months or so,and the battery is replaced at the same time.5 times of data recovery are carried out.2.Calculate species relative richness index and nocturnal index.The relative richness index of species is often used to represent the relative value of population number;The nocturnal index is to judge whether the animal is diurnal or nocturnal according to its active time.When index>13/24,it shows that the species is mainly nocturnal;when index<13/24,it shows that the species is mainly diurnal;when index is close to 13/24(about 0.54),it shows that there is no obvious diurnal difference in the activity of the species.3.Calculate the daily activity rhythm of species.The relative richness indices of a species in different t:ime periods were calculated by dividing the day into 12 time periods,such as 06:00～08:00,08:00～10:00 and 10:00～12:00.4.Calculate the daily activity rhythm of species at different altitudes.The monitoring area was divided into seven according to altitude:200～400 m,400～600 m,600～800 m,800～1 000 m,1 000～1 200 m,1 200-1 400 m and 1 400～1 600 m.The relative richness index of species at different altitudes was calculated.5.Selection of vegetation types for calculating species.The natural vegetation types in Daweishan nature reserve can be divided into four vegetation types,including broad-leaved forest,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,coniferous forest,and shrub.The relative richness index of the species under these four vegetation types is calculated.6.Computing species similarity coefficient and biodiversity index.The similarity coefficients of species were calculated to compare the similarity degree of birds and mammals in Daweishan nature reserve and Zhangfang town;the number of independent effective photos of birds and mammals in different vegetation types and at all camera sites at different altitudes was analyzed statistically,and the Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index were selected to analyze the diversity of birds and mammals in this area.7.Significant difference analysis and variance analysis of infrared camera data were carried out by T-test.The significant difference level was set to p<0.05.The main results of this paper are as follows:1.There are 33 375 camera working days and 10 132 independent and valid photos of birds and mammals were obtained.Among them,5 269 independent valid photos of birds and 4 863 independent valid photos of mammals were taken.There are 54 species in 19 families and 7 orders of birds and 15 species in 9 families and 4 orders of mammals.Among them,the Syrmaticus ellioti is the key protected wildlife at the national level.Lophura nycthemera,Pucrasia macrolopha,Chrysolophus pictus,Buteo buteo,Glaucidium cuculoides and Priparonodon are the key protected wildlife at the national level.Another 46 species of wild birds and animals belong to"terrestrial wildlife which is beneficial or has important economic and scientific research value under state protection".2.The number of independent effective photographs and relative richness index ranked in the top five birds:Lophura nycthemera,Leiothrix lutea,Bambusicola thoracicus,Zoothera dauma and Mycophonus caerus.The top five mammals were Muntiacus reevesi,Sus scrofa,Arctonyx collaris,Lepus sinensis and Tamiops swinhoei.3.The nocturnal index of Lophura nycthemera,Muntiacus reevesi,Sus scrofa and Bambusicola thoracicus were 0.07,0.37,0.18 and 0.10 respectively,which were significantly lower than 13/24,indicating that they mainly engaged in diurnal.The nocturnal index of Arctonyx collaris and Lepus sinensis were 0.67 and 0.71,respectively,which were more than 0.54,indicating that they mainly engaged in nocturnal.4.T-test showed that the daily activity rhythms of Muntiacus reevesi,Lophura nycthemera,Sus scrofa and Arctonyx collaris were significantly different at different altitudes.5.T-test showed that there were significant differences in the selection of vegetation types between birds and mammals monitored by infrared cameras,which showed that both birds and mammals preferred coniferous forests.However,there was no significant difference in the selection of vegetation types between Lepus sinensis and Bambusicola thoracicus.6.There were significant differences in species diversity indices of birds,mammals and birds and mammals.Species diversity indices of birds,mammals and birds and mammals were the highest in shrubs and shrubs(1.21),coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forests(1.07),shrubs and shrubs(2.27),respectively.There were significant differences in species evenness index among birds,mammals and birds.The evenness indices of birds,mammals and birds and mammals were the highest in coniferous forest(0.256),coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest(0.309)and coniferous forest(0.422),respectively.7.46 species of birds and 14 species of mammals were monitored in Daweishan nature reserve,with an average of 13.38 species per camera.The highest number of birds and mammals monitored by a single camera site was 21 species,with a minimum of 5 species;34 species of birds and 12 species of mammals were monitored in Zhangfang town,with an average of 13.55 species per camera,and the highest number of birds and mammals monitored by a single camera site was 25 species and the lowest.Seven species are rare. |
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