Cold-Induced DNA Methylation Is Related To Quality Formation In American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius L.)

Ginsenosides accumulation responses to temperature are critical to quality formation in cold dependent American ginseng.However,the studies on cold requirement mechanism relevant to ginsenosides has been limited in this species.Two experiments were carried out:one was a multivariate linear regression analysis between the ginsenosides accumulation and the environmental conditions of American ginseng from different locations of China;the other was a synchronous determination of ginsenosides accumulation,overall DNA methylation and relative gene expression in different tissues during different developmental stages of American ginseng after experienced different cold exposure duration treatments.Results showed that the variation of the contents as well as the yields of total and individual ginsenosides Rg1,Re,Rb1 in the roots were closely associated with environmental temperature conditions which implied that the cold environment play a decisive role in the ginsenosides accumulation of American ginseng.Further results showed that there is a cyclically reversible dynamism between methylation and demethylation of DNA in the perennial American ginseng in response to temperature seasonality.And sufficient cold exposure duration in winter caused sufficient DNA demethylation in tender leaves in early spring,and then accompanied the high expression of flowering gene PqFT in flowering stages and ginsenosides biosynthesis gene PqDDS in green berry stages successively,and finally maximum ginsenosides accumulation occurred in the roots of American ginseng.We therefore hypothesized that cold-induced DNA methylation changes might regulate relative gene expression involving both plant development and plant secondary metabolites in such cold dependent perennial plant species.