| Qianlingshan Park is a typical “urban island” in Guiyang.The Macaca mulatta population in Qianlingshan Park has been isolated for 60 years.The small population developed from6-8 monkeys that escaped from Guiyang Epidemic Prevention Station and Guiyang Medical College to Qianlingshan Park in 1958.In 1985,the number of monkeys was 30,in the late 1980 s,the population of monkeys in Qianlingshan Park increasing rapidly,due to started artificial feeding.According to the results of the 2017 field survey,the number of monkeys in Qianlingshan park reached 1,123.In the past 30 years,although the population of monkeys in Qianlingshan Park has been significantly restored,its genetic background and the status of population genetic diversity have not been studied and evaluated accurately.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the genetic diversity,genetic structure and population dynamics of the Macaca mulatta population in Qianling Mountain.Get the main results:1)The laboratory began to observe the population of monkeys in Qianlingshan Park from September 2011.According to the observations over the years,the population of monkeys in Qianlingshan Park is currently divided into 6 small groups,different groups of monkeys live in different areas of the park throughout the year;A total of 29 kinds of artificial hurl food was recorded,the total daily feeding of each monkey group exceeded 20 kg,which basically satisfied the survival needs of the monkeys.2)The 108 fresh feces samples were collected and 104 specific products of mitochondrial control region(D-loop region)were successfully amplified.Based on the molecular marker level of mitochondrial control region,the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Macaca mulatta population in Qianlingshan Park were detected.The haplotype diversity(h)of the monkeys in Qianlingshan Park was 0.614,the nucleotide diversity(p)was 0.02617.In general,the genetic diversity was moderate;104 individuals detected a total of 7 haplotypes,of which haplotype 3 is the first formed haplotype;The Bayesian tree showed that 104 individuals of Macaca mulatta in Qianlingshan Park were genetically clustered into three branches,which is consistent with the ML phylogenetic tree constructed from the 267 rhesus macaque sequences from China in NCBI.The genetic background of the rhesus macaque population in Qianlingshan Park was likely to come from three geographic units;using Arlequin(version 3.5)soft Computational molecular analysis of variance(AMOVA)and choose of the Model-based Bayesian model in STRUCTURE 2.3.4 for population genetic structural analysis showed that the genetic structure of the existing population was stable,no genetic differentiation occurred,there is a certain degree of genetic communication between the groups,and the gene flow value is between(0.91458-6.66900).3)Six highly polymorphic(PIC >0.5)were successfully screened in this study.Based on the microsatellite molecular marker level,the genetic test of the existing rhesus macaque population in Qianlingshan Park showed that the six pairs of microsatellite primers detected 77 alleles in 108 individuals and the average population observed heterozygosity value was 0.644;The rhesus macaque population in Qianlingshan Park have always lived in the “urban islands” habitat of Qianlingshan Park.The population exhibited there was the low to moderate inbreeding.Due to the isolation of more than 60 years,there is no immigration of individuals,and there is also a lack of opportunities and ways for diffusion.Moreover,the monkey group has long been prepared by polygamy,and the monkey king has the right to mate,resulting in fewer opportunities for other male monkeys to mate;the effective population of the Macaca mulatta population in Qianlingshan Park is estimated to be 177 by analyzed the existing genetic data.The Macaca mulatta population meets a medium or long-term survival target on the conservation biology aspect. |
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