A Non-enzymatic Urine Glucose Sensor With Photonic Crystal Hydrogel

In recent years,diabetes mellitus has become one of the most serious health problems around the world.According to the World Health Organization?WHO?,there will be 366 million diabetics by 2030.This chronic disease and its complications cause tremendous pains to patients like stroke,renal failure,and nerve damage.And in order to control the hazards of diabetes,blood glucose monitoring in real time has been recognized as the most important prerequisite.However,although the conventional commercialized clinical-use glucose analyzers have accurate results,those bulky and expensive equipments limit the possibilities for patients to monitor glucose concentration by themselves,and the high cost of treatments also causes serious economic load to familie s and governments.Meanwhile,the vast majority of home glucose meters need blood samples by pricking fingers with a needle,which results in secondary damage such as pains and possible infection risks.In conclusion,a real-time non-invasive monitor with high accuracy and low cost is extremely crucial nowadays.A novel polymerized crystalline colloidal array?PCCA?sensing material for the detection of urine glucose was developed by embedding a two-dimensional?2-D?polystyrene crystalline colloidal array?CCA?in 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid?3-APBA?-functionalized hydrogel.After adjusting the cross-linker concentration,this material showed significant sensitivity for glucose under lab conditions,the particle spacing of the PCCA changed from 917 to 824 nm?93 nm?within 3 min as the glucose concentration increased from 0 to 10 mM,and the structural color of the PCCA changed from red through orange,to green,and finally,to cyan.In further experiments,this material was used to semi-quantitatively detect glucose in 20 human urine?HU?samples.Compared with the traditional dry-chemistry method,which was applied widely in clinical diagnosis,the PCCA method was more accurate and cost-effective.Moreover,this method can efficiently avoid the errors induced by most of the urine-interfering elements like vitamin C and H₂O₂.With a homemade portable optical detector,this low-cost intelligent sensing material can provide a more convenient and efficient strategy for the urine glucose detection in clinical diagnosis and point-of-care monitoring.In further experience,we prepared monodisperse poly methzl methacrzlate?PMMA?microspheres to formed 3D CCA by using vertical deposition self-assembly methods,and obtained 3D CCA photonic crystals with well-organized construction and bright structural color.Then we embedding the 3D CCA in 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid?3-APBA?-functionalized hydrogel and detecting glucose in AU.When the glucose concentration increased from 0 to 10 mM,and the structural color of the 3D PCCA changed from red through orange,to yellow,and finally to cyan.Then the color constituents values are represented in HSB systems,espectially by H?hues?value.Experiments show that there was significant correlation between the H value and the glucose concentration.We expected that this novel material can provide a more reliable alternative for enzymatic glucose sensors and a more efficient strategy for the clinical diagnosis and point-of-care monitoring.