| Endocrine disrupting chemicals are the summary of xenobiotic compounds which impact organism hormone secretion.The hormone secretion affects several systems,so endocrine disrupting chemicals can lead to diseases like abortion,reproductive system development defects,cardiovascular disease,osteoporosis and so on.There are a number of distinguishing characteristics by which you can identify the endocrine disrupting chemicals,such as various types,widely usage,and low harmful concentration.Be aimed at above characteristics,the study firstly uses multiple targets,multimedia,and large number of samples for investigation.In order to investigate the national distribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals and assess their impact of human health and ecology system,this study chose estrone,estradiol,estriol,ethinylestradiol,bisphenol A,nonylphenol,equol and the disinfection by-product of bisphenol A and nonylphenol to analyze.Influent and effluent samples and urine samples were collected and treated by solid phrase extraction and hydrolysis,respectively.Dansyl chloride was used in derivative process to improve the sensitivity of detection and reduce the matrix effect.Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectromer was used to determine the target compounds.The samples were prepared from 17 cities including 55 waterworks,as well as urine samples from 16 cities covering 1075 people.The annual average risk of health hazard caused by endocrine disrupting chemicals was calculated by retrieving the endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure amount of urine concentration,and the ecological risk of endocrine disrupting chemicals to aquatic organisms was calculated through toxicity data fitting.The result turned out that many kinds of endocrine disrupting chemicals were detected in water samples in the whole country,and concentrations and detection frequencies of bisphenol A,nonylphenol and equol were higher than others.The concentrations in influents were lower in river basin such as Haihe River,and Songhua River,the higher concentrations were in Yangtze River,Yellow River,Taihu Lake and Zhujiang River basins.Five disinfection by-products(MCBPA,DCBPA,TCBPA,MCNP,and DCNP)were detected in the effluents compared with the parent compounds,and the more chlorines it contained the less concentration and detection frequency it was.The effluent concentrations didn't show spatial differences,but some individual plants(such as W45 in Beijing and W33 in Zhuzhou)showed high concentrations.The concentrations in the present study were generally lower than some of other studies.The waterworks were able to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals,but waterworks were in variety removal effiencies.All of the waterworks could remove one kind of endocrine disrupting chemical,at least.Endocrine disrupting chemicals in urine didn't show gender differences.Six disinfection by-products(MCBPA,DCBPA,TCBPA,TeCBPA,MCNP,and DCNP)were detected in the urine compared with the parent compounds.But bisphenol A and its disinfection by-products didn't show the same detection rules as water,while nonylphenol did.equol was the main component of endocrine disrupting chemicals in urine,and its detection frequency in urine was 96.3% which was far higher than the reference(1/3-1/2).The endocrine disrupting chemicals in urine didn't show significant spatial differences.And the city with high concentration in urine also has high concentration in water.The health risk assessment indicated threat of bisphenol A in our country.nonylphenol didn't show great risk like bisphenol A,but the health risk values in some cities also exceeded the maximum acceptable level.And the health risk of the total endocrine disrupting chemicals in the whole country has surpassed the maximum acceptable level.Chinese population exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals and the exposure would do harm to health.Measures need to be taken immediately.The ecological risk assessment showed that endocrine disrupting chemicals have no impact on aquatic organisms in China.Risk quotients of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in all the cities were far below maximum allowed value. |
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