| Karst area in south China,centered on Guizhou Plateau,is a region with the largest area and the most vulnerable ecological environment among the three largest karst concentrative regions in the world.The rocky desertification area in Guizhou Province is the largest in all provinces and regions in China,and the degree of which is also the most serious.In recent years,centering on rocky desertification control and regional economy development,many places have carried out work on vegetation restoration and ecological breeding in rocky desertification areas,but there are many problems such as poorly targeted vegetation allocation and unreasonable farming techniques.Hence,optimal allocation of forests-shrubs-grass at different rocky desertification levels and targeted eco-chicken raising trials were studied in this paper,expected to promote the restoration of vegetation at different rocky desertification levels and the development of eco-chicken raising industry,to realize the coordinated development of ecological and social economic benefits,and to help the area out of poverty.Based on the multi-disciplinary knowledge of geography,ecology,botany,agronomy,biology and others,the demonstration areas for controlling rocky desertification of medium-strong degree in Huajiang Township,Guanling County and Beipanjiang Township,Zhenfeng County,and latent-slight level in Salaxi Township,Bijie City were taken as the research areas.From 2015 to 2017,the species composition,number of species,growth traits,interception of rainfall,and volume of litters in different rocky desertification grades communities had been monitored,and eco-chicken breeding trials had also been conducted,meanwhile,the sample of the soils were also taken to do some experiments and analyses.Through the integrated analysis of the community vegetation diversity,benefits of water and soil conservation and different raising density at various level of rocky desertification,the technology of optimal allocation of forests-shrubs-grass and eco-chicken raising at different rocky desertification degree were studied to integrate the technology system of optimal allocation of forests,shrubs and grass,and eco-chicken raising in rocky desertification area.The main results are as follow:1.At the Guanling-Zhenfeng demonstration area in Huajiang,the shrub-grass community types of Broussonetia papyrifera,Cajanus cajan and Arthraxon hispidus were allocated in intensity rocky desertification area;the forest-shrub community types of Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Lonicera japonica were allocated in middle rocky desertification area;the shrub-grass community types of Broussonetia papyrifera,Amomum villosum and Conyza Canadensis were allocated in light rocky desertification area;the forest-shrub-grass community types of Zanthoxylum bungeanum,Broussonetia papyrifera and Pennisetum sinese were allocated in potential rocky desertification area.At the Salaxi demonstration area in Bijie,the shrub-grass community types of Pyracantha fortuneana,Coriaria nepalensis and Senecio scandens were allocated in middle rocky desertification area;the forest-shrub-grass community types of Coriaria nepalensis,Rosa roxburghii,Pteris vittata and Miscanthus sinensis were allocated in light rocky desertification area;the forest-shrub-grass community types of Juglans,Coriaria nepalensis,Pyracantha fortuneana,Hypericum monogynum and Trifolium repens were allocated in potential rocky desertification area.In addition,more factors should be considered in the artificial allocation of forest-shrub-grass communities,such as whether the species is a native species or an exotic species,and whether there is a mutually beneficial symbiosis relationship among the vegetation and so on.2.At the Guanling-Zhenfeng demonstration area in Huajiang,it can construct a community culture environment mainly composed of Zanthoxylum bungeanum,Broussonetia papyrifera and Pennisetum sinese;The culture density was controlled at 12 chickens per 100 square meters to 16 chickens per 100 square meters,and the biomass reached the maximum at 12 chickens per 100 square meters(8.16 g).With the increase of culture density,the influence on soil structure was gradually enhanced.When the culture density was more than 16 chickens per 100 square meters,the soil quality tended to decrease.The influence of culture density on soil nutrients have no obvious regularity,only the pH value gradually decreases with the increase of the culture density.At the Salaxi demonstration area in Bijie,it can construct a community culture environment mainly composed of Juglans,Coriaria nepalensis,Pyracantha fortuneana,Hypericum monogynum and Trifolium repens;The culture density was controlled at 8 chickens per 100 square meters to 16 chickens per 100 square meters,and the biomass reached the maximum at 12 chickens per 100 square meters(5.16 g).The influence of culture density on soil structure is not obvious,and the soil structure has tendency to be destroyed when the culture density exceeds 16 chickens per 100 square meters.The influence of culture density on soil nutrients have no obvious regularity,only the pH value gradually decreases with the increase of the culture density.The results of chicken growth monitoring and chicken breast meat protein,amino acid and glycine test showed that ecological chickens could promote the healthy growth of chickens.The daily weight gain of the chicken was 12.99 g,and the glutamate content and protein content were increased by 46.92% and 38.15%,respectively,compared with the control group.3.In the medium-intensive rocky desertification areas,the community raising environment of Broussonetia papyrifera,Lonicera japonica,Cajanus cajan,Bauhinia championi and Conyza Canadensis are constructed,and the raising density is controlled at at 12 chickens per 100 square meters.In the potential-light rocky desertification areas,the community raising environment of Juglans,Mahonia fortunei,Berberis cavaleriei,Hypericum patulum,Viburnum foetidum,Urtica fissa,Senecio scandens and Rhododendron simsii are constructed,and the raising density is controlled within at 16 chickens per 100 square meters,rotation grazing is carried out in 25 days in the growing season,rotation grazing is carried out in 10-15 days except in the vegetation growing season,the cyclic rotational grazing not only does not damage the grassland in the raising environment,but also promots vegetation growth,improve soil environment and increases soil nutrients.In the eco-environment,the flock is mainly composed of natural feed such as grass,grass seeds and insects,supplemented by supplementary feeding,and the amount of supplementary feeding is about 45% of the total diet for each stage of growth.The results of growth monitoring for chicken,protein,amino acid and fat test for chicken breast meat showed that ecological raising chicken can promote the healthy growth of chicken and enhance the flavor of chicken.4.By optimizing the allocation of forest-shrub-grass in different site conditions of different grade rocky desertification,the community stability can be improved and the soil and water conservation will be facilitated.The chickens are integrated into the natural ecosystem,and the raising density of chicken is within at 12 chickens per 100 square meters,ecological raising chickens can promote the growth of vegetation,improve the stability of the ecosystem,so it has good ecological benefits.It can promote the growth of chickens and enhance the flavor of chicken,so it has good economic benefits.Ecological raising chickens co-exist with the ecological environment,it can promote the employment and income of local farmers,shifting the traditional planting industry to the ecological breeding industry,it can promote the development of the local economy,thereby it will be consolidated the management results of rock desertification,built an environment-friendly society and realized the harmonious development of man and nature. |
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