| Objective: Explore the effects of long-term drinking of different kinds of drinking water(pure water,mineralized water,tap water,and filtered water)on the mineral content of major organ tissues(serum,heart,liver,kidney,fat,and brain tissue)in mice and effects of learning and memory ability on mice.Methods: We determined the common water quality parameters,mineral content,and common anion content in purified water,mineralized water,tap water,and filtered water,respectively.We divided 80 clean grade ICR mice into four groups randomly according to body weight,half male and half female.Except for the four different drinking water feedings of pure water(control group),mineralized water,tap water,and filtered water,the remaining treatments were the same.During the feeding process,mice were allowed to drink water freely,and their dietary intake and body weight were recorded.After 60 days,open-field experiments and light-dark box experiments were performed on each group of mice;after 70 days,Morris water maze test was performed on each group of mice;after 90 days,the blood was collected by removing the eyeball before the mouse was killed by cervical dislocation,the contents of minerals in serum,heart,liver,kidney,fat and brain tissue and brain monoamine neurotransmitters were detected.Results:(1)The following results were found by observing the effects of different drinking water quality on the growth and development of the mice and the metabolism of the elements in the body: The serum calcium concentration in the mineralized water group [(134.27±27.89)?g/ml] and the tap water group [(136.60±33.91)?g/ml] was higher than that in the purified water group [(116.34±17.01)?g/ml].The serum copper concentration in the mineralized water group [(1547±430)?g/ml] was significantly higher than that in the remaining three groups [(1120±188),(1165±313),(1155±165)?g/ml];the copper in the heart of the mineralized water group mice [(12431±1596)?g/g] was significantly higher than the remaining three groups [(11487±831),(11091±939),(10391±754)?g/g];the copper in liver of filtered water group mice [(16247±1865)?g/g] was higher than that of pure water [(12568±2554)?g/g].The serum levels of lanthanum of the filtered water group mice [(34.93±7.96)?g/g] were significantly higher than those in the other three groups [(30.18±3.18),(30.18±3.94),(30.37±7.03)?g/g];the levels of lanthanum in the liver of purified water group [(9.19±3.17)?g/g] mice was significantly lower than the other three groups [(23.18±11.75),(18.84±5.25),(16.65±4.99)?g/g];the content of barium in fat of the filtered water group [(50.95±20.50)?g/g] mice was higher than that of pure water group [(32.28±14.94)?g/g],those above difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(2)The following results were found by observing the effects of different drinking water quality on learning and memory ability in mice: Open-field test: Compared with the pure water group(3.05 s),the incubation period of the mineralized water group(1.65 s)and the filtered water group(1.60 s)was shorter than that of the pure water group,peripheral time(259.0 s)of the mineralized water group was longer than that of the pure water group(232.5 s),those above difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Light and dark box experiments: The first training results showed that the latency of mice in filtration water group(11.89 s)was shorter than that of pure water group(18.98 s),however the number of shocks(9.5 times)was more than in the pure water group(7 times),those above difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of mineral content in the brain are as follows: The content of calcium in the brain of the mineralized water group[(128.64±25.50)?g/g] and the tap water group [(139.33±17.76)?g/g] was higher than that of the pure water group [(108.12±18.87)?g/g].Compared with pure water group [(13860±792)ng/g],the content of copper in the mineralized water group [(12674±953)ng/g] was lower,iron in the mineralized water group [(24.94±2.75)ng/g] was significantly higher than that in the other three groups [(20.94±3.82),(21.63±2.58),(19.59±5.34)ng/g ],the above differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of brain neurotransmitter content are as follows: Compared with the other three groups,the content of NE in filtered water group [(1.30±0.13)?g/g] was significantly lower than that in the other three groups [(1.46±0.12),(1.50±0.12),(1.38±0.14)?g/g ].The level of L-DOPA in the mineralized water group [(135.89±47.21)?g/g] was significantly higher than that in the other three groups [(68.28 ±42.16),(28.46±13.66),(37.02±21.77)?g/g].The content of DA in filtered water group [(1.12±0.38)?g/g] was lower than pure water group [(1.50±0.20)?g/g],the levels of DOPAC in brain tissue of tap water group[(56.69±7.60)?g/g] and filtered water group [(54.28±9.11)?g/g] were lower than that of pure water group [(66.89±11.53)?g/g],the above difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:(1)The following conclusions are drawn through the analysis and comparison of different drinking water quality: there are almost no minerals and anions in pure water;mineral water quality is similar to pure water,but its magnesium and copper content is higher than pure water;there are more minerals and anions in tap water and filtered water;however,compared with tap water,there are more essential elements and dissolved hydrogen with anti-oxidation effect in filtered water.(2)The following results were found by observing the effects of different drinking water quality on the growth and development of the mice and the metabolism of the elements in the body: drinking four different types of drinking water for a long time did not have an effect on the growth and development of mice;the long-term consumption of pure water containing no minerals by mice causes a deficiency of calcium,copper,zinc,iron and barium in the body,and it is unlikely that magnesium will be deficient in the normal intake of food.(3)The following results were found by observing the effects of different drinking water quality on learning and memory ability in mice: It had not been found that mice drinking different drinking water for a long time can have an effect on spatial learning and memory ability;mice can increase their evasion ability in the open environment by drinking mineralized water for a long time;the cognitive abilities of mice may decrease by drinking purified water for a long time;the fear memory ability of mice may increase by drinking filtered water for a long time,the above behavioral changes may be related to changes in the levels of various neurotransmitters and minerals and other biochemical substances in the brain. |
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