| Part ? Investigation on Outdoor Activity Pattern of Population in theBackground of PM2.5 in BaodingObjective To study the human activity pattern?HAP?of Baoding under the background of PM2.5 exposure,and to understand the PM2.5 exposure activities of different groups at different times,places and events in Baoding.It provides basic data for fine study of PM2.5 exposure dose in population.Methods From September of 2017 to July of 2018,a questionnaire survey was conducted in the urban area of Baoding City,which is about 2km by 2km.Four groups and eight groups of people: students?male and female?,indoor occupational groups?male and female?,outdoor occupational groups?male and female?,nonoccupational groups?male and female?,were compared in the data of crowd activity patterns between groups.A time-based exposure unit was established to observe the outdoor activities of individuals in the exposure unit,and to summarize the outdoor activities,vehicle use and micro-environmental exposure of the crowd in different periods.ResultsThis study obtained a total of 6533 people's activity patterns in the three seasons of summer,autumn and winter.Among the three seasons,the longest time of outdoor activities was in summer.The average outdoor activities events were 215.5 min/day for men,183.1 min/day for rest days,177.6 min/day for women and 153.0 min/day for rest days.In autumn,the outdoor activities of men were 200.4 min/day on working days,131.9 min/day on rest days,132.9 min/day on working days and 122.0 min/day on rest days.The shortest time for outdoor activities is in winter,with 135.7 min/day for men,92.2 min/day for rest,113.2 min/day for women and 91.7 min/day for rest.There are different degrees of differences among seasons,working days and gender.There were significant differences among occupations: outdoor workers spent much more time outdoors than other groups.However,there is an interaction between occupation and season: outdoor workers spend less time outdoors in winter and outdoors female indoor workers spend less time outdoors in summer than other seasons.On weekdays,outdoor activities are mainly mild and moderate intensity activities.The students and indoor occupational groups have similar time of mild and moderate outdoor activities.Outdoor occupational groups are mainly moderate intensity physical activities,while non-occupational groups are mainly mild physical activities.The outdoor activities of the crowd were concentrated in 7-10 hours and 13-15 hours.There is a big difference between the occupation.The main traffic arteries,accounted for 50% of total time for outdoor activities.Traffic on foot 58.1 min/day,21.8 min/day,20.3 min/day bus,car three,different people travel for different traffic tools.ConclusionsThere are many differences in the activity pattern data of different groups?occupation,age,gender?.When air pollutant exposure assessment and health risk assessment are carried out,the results will be inaccurate if the population activity pattern data of other studies are directly cited.The standardization research in the field of population activity pattern should be completed as soon as possible in China.Part ? Study on PM2.5 Exposure Dose Assessment ModelObjectiveExplore the technology and method of fine research on PM2.5 exposure assessment by combining HAP data with Co EP dataMethodsBased on the current theory of crowd activity pattern,combined with database technology and EPA personal exposure dose model,the concept of exposure unit was put forward.A CI model based on time system was established,which could be applied to large-scale population refinement study.The refinement study of population PM2.5 exposure dose was carried out using CI model combined with HAP data and Co EP data.ResultsWithout considering temporal and spatial variability and individual variability,EPA2 model is 100-113% higher than CI model in estimating PM2.5 exposure dose in summer workday.The study of PM2.5 exposure dose in different periods using CI model showed that there were significant differences in outdoor PM2.5 exposure in different periods.The distribution of PM2.5 exposure dose was concentrated in 5,6,12,13 and 18 periods.The peak value was concentrated in 0-0.75ug/kg/h,and the peak of PM2.5 exposure dose was in 7,8,9,10,14,15,16 and 17 periods.The value is on the right,and there are obvious occupational differences.In addition,the proportion of outdoor exposures also has obvious time and occupational variability.ConclusionsCI model can well estimate the exposure dose of PM2.5 and reflect the actual exposure of PM2.5? CI model has high application value and can be further applied and developed. |
PDF Full Text Request