| Flame retardants?FRs?,mainly including halogenated flame retardants?HFRs:polybrominated diphenyl ethers?PBDEs?,novel brominated flame retardants?NBFRs?and dechlorane plus?DPs?isomers?and organophosphate flame retardantds?OPFRs?,have been widely used in decoration,textile,plastic products and various electronic products.FRs have been detected in various environmental mediums,and can threat environment and human health.In recent years,the health impact of haze is of great concern,but few studies have explored its influence on human inhalation and dermal exposure to FRs.Size-segregated atmospheric particles were collected in indoor and outdoor environments in Xinxiang,China,during light pollution condition and heavy pollution condition,to explore the influence of haze on human inhalation exposure to HFRs.Moreover,size-segregated atmospheric particles from four outdoor sampling sites and forehead wipe samples from undergraduates were collected in Xinxiang,China,during light and heavy pollution condition,to explore the influence of haze on human inhalation and dermal exposure to HFRs.The main conclusions are shown as follows:Haze played a distinctive role in affecting particle-bound HFR occurrence,size distribution,human inhalation exposure and the coerresping health risk.?1?The arithmetic mean particle-bound HFR concentrations under heavy haze pollution condition?590.1 pg/m3?were significantly greater than the values observed under light haze pollution condition?166.2 pg/m3?.The mean HFR concentration in the indoor environment was 416.9 pg/m3,1.2-fold higher than that for the outdoor environment?339.4 pg/m3?.?2?DPs were characterized by a bimodal distribution in the 0.7-1.1 and 2.1-3.3?m fractions during light pollution condition.However,neither PBDEs or NBFRs presented significant variations among the different size fractions during light pollution condition.In heavy pollution condition,PBDEs and DPs were characterized by a trimodal distribution in the 0.7-1.1,2.1-3.3 and 9.0-10?m fractions,whereas NBFRs were characterized by a bimodal distribution in the 4.7-5.8 and 9.0-10?m fractions.?3?Not all inhalable HFRs can deposited into human respiratory tracts,the ratios of deposition fraction to inhalable fraction for individual HFRs ranged from 37.2%to 74.8%.Coarse particles?aerodynamic diameter>2.1?m?contributed the most to the head airway?HA??79.1%?,whereas fine particles?aerodynamic diameter<2.1?m?were dominant in the alveolar region?AR??57.6%?.With increasing particle size,the relative deposition amounts of HFRs increased in the HA,remained steady in the tracheobronchial region?TB?,and decreased in the AR.?4?Hazard quotient?HQ?values of HFRs and incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCRBDE-209)of BDE-209 were 1.7×10-2 and 9.3×10-9 in heavy pollution condition,9.4 and 4.4-fold higher than that in light pollution conditions(1.8×10-3 and 2.1×10-9).HQ and ILCRBDE-209 values of HFRs were6.4×10-3 and 5.0×10-9 in indoor condition,2.6 and 4.2-fold higher than that in light pollution conditions(2.5×10-3 and 1.2×10-9).Haze played a distinctive role in affecting particle-bound OPFR occurrence,size distribution,human inhalation exposure and the coerresping health risk.?1?The arithmetic mean particle-bound OPFR concentrations under heavy haze pollution condition?41.9 ng/m3?were significantly greater than the values observed under light haze pollution condition?19.5 ng/m3?.?2?OPFR concentrations in all nine fractions were apparently greater in the heavy haze pollution condition than in the light pollution condition.OPFRs in both haze pollution conditions are highly enriched in the 0.7-1.1?m and 1.1-2.1?m fractions.The abundance of most OPFRs in fine?aerodynamic diameter<2.1?m?and coarse?aerodynamic diameter>2.1?m?particles under both haze pollution conditions were approximately equal.In addition to gas-particle partitioning,which depends on the vapour pressure of OPFRs,there might be other sources of particle-bound OPFRs.?3?Not all inhalable OPFRs can deposit into human respiratory tracts,the ratios of deposition fraction to inhalable fraction for individual HFRs ranged from 55.7%to 77.5%.Coarse particles?aerodynamic diameter>2.1?m?contributed the most to the head airway?HA??60%?,whereas fine particles?aerodynamic diameter<2.1?m?were dominant in the alveolar region?AR??78%?.With increasing particle size,the deposition concentration of OPFRs increased in the HA,remained steady in the TB and decreased in the AR.?4?For adults and children,the dialy inhalation dose?DID?and the corrresponding hazard quotient?HQ?values in heavy haze pollution condition were 2.1 and 2.6-fold higher than than in light haze pollution condition.In both light and heavy haze pollution conditions,DID and the corrresponding HQ values of children were both 2.4-fold greater than that of adult.Haze played a distinctive role in affecting forehead wipe OPFR occurrence,human dermal exposure and the coerresping health risk.?1?The arithmetic mean forehead wipe OPFR concentrations under heavy haze pollution condition?7.4?g/m2?were significantly greater than the values observed under light haze pollution condition?3.9?g/m2?.Among the OPFRs,?TCPP,TCEP and TPHP were the dominant components in both light and heavy pollution conditions,accounting for 36%,28%and 19%of the?6OPFRs,respectively,in the light pollution condition,and 41%,26%and 15%of the?6OPFRs,respectively,in the heavy pollution condition.?2?OPFRs on forehead surface mainly come from the absorption of gaseous phase by skin lipid and the deposition of airborne particles.There were no significant differences for most OPFRs?except for TPHP?on foreheads between male and female participants.The application of personal care products?e.g.,nail polishes?might be the possible reason for the significant differences for TPHP between genders.?3?The HQKp?hazard quotient based on permeability coefficient method?and HQRA?hazard quotient based on relative absorption method?values of?6OPFRs in heavy pollution condition were 1.8 and 1.9 times greater than those in light pollution condition,respectively.Total mean HQKp values for?6OPFRs on human forehead in light and heavy pollution conditions were 5.4×10-4and 9.5×10-4,respectively,which were 17.4 and 16.1 times greater than those calculated by RA method(HQRA:3.1×10-5 and 5.9×10-5,respectively). |
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