Research On The Embedded Governance Of Spatial Development Of China's New Town

Since China's reform and opening up,decentralization,marketization,and democratization have brought about the rise of local governments,market forces,and social forces,respectively.The dominant position among these forces can affect the allocation of urban land resources.Therefore,when it comes to the governance of spatial development in China,there are two competing views which are "government-led" and "market-led".Since the theory of embeddedness has great significance of theoretical guidance and policy revelation to the study of spatial development,we applied it to analyze the land production of Suzhou New District.We clarified that the local government governed the society and market by embedding quasi-governmental organizations,state-owned land property rights and public good,to achieve the goals of rapid spatial development and social harmony.In the face of the increasing demands of the market and the society,the local government can use the embedded approach to control the new market and social forces in the urban governance,and enhance its ability to meet the requirements from the society.In this sense,embedded governance can maintain the authority,efficiency and flexibility of the governmental intervention in urban spatial development.Even so,embedded governance has the potential risk of excessive embedding,which could result in organizational administration,system oversupply,and uneven distribution of resources,etc.In this case,we need to improve the way and degree of embedding.Finally,we need to emphasize that embedded governance is the further development and enrichment of governance theory.The embedded governance model maintains the competitive advantage of China's system by establishing the pattern of "a small and strong government".Such model fits the democratic governance of the authoritative government,which is different from western partnership-type governance.The article is organized as follows:The first chapter is preface.With more and more contradictions among government,market and society,China has proposed the reform to modernize capabilities of governance.However,how to achieve this goal is still unclear,especially in the realm of spatial development.In this background,the first chapter analyzes the phenomenon,difficulties and debates of the transformation of spatial development,clarifies the significance of the research,defines the relevant concepts,and summarizes the research ideas and methods.The second chapter is theoretical review and analysis framework.Most of the existing researches on the governance of spatial development are based on the western social context,namely,the ternary opposition among the government,the market and the society.they ignore the existence of great many cross-zones and intermediaries among them in Chinese social context.to effectively compensate for such deficiency,embedded governance focuses on the cross-zones and intermediaries,and develops into a Chinese local theory.The analysis framework of this theory consist of tree parts:"embedded organization","embedded system" and "embedded benefits".The third chapter is analysis of "embedded organization".Quasi-government organizations are unique and efficient organizers to allocate land resource during China's transition period.They promote land development efficiently by using professional resources and applying political power.These organizers include:the commander of spatial development-the management committee,the coordinator and "shock absorber" in land acquisition-the villagers'committee,the accelerator of land development-the state-owned property developers,the supporter of land development-government-sponsored institutions.The fourth chapter is analysis of "embedded system".In China,the ownership,development rights and use rights of land are separated,which results in a variety of land use rules.The use of these rules is based on the competition among political forces.This principle lay a political foundation and provide legal protection for embedding quasi-governmental organizations in the realm of land development.The fifth chapter is analysis of "embedded benefits".By embedding economic,social,political and cultural benefits into the market and society,the government encourage the new market and social forces to maintain consistency with the government's interests,and satisfy their individual interests by realizing collective interests.In this way,the government can prevent and combat "anti-power".The sixth chapter is the effect evaluation and theoretical reflection of embedded governance.Embedded governance can maintain the authority,efficiency and flexibility of the governmental intervention in urban spatial development.Besides,it enriches and expands the theory of governance.The seventh chapter is conclusion and discussion.