| The species in Nabidae and Anthocoridae are excellent predatory natural enemies in Hemiptera.They can infest various agricultural pests such as aphids,thrips,planthoppers and leafhoppers.However,due to the fact that most their species are similar in shape,especially in Anthocoridae with tiny body size.Therefore it is extremely difficult to identify these species by morphology.DNA barcoding technology overcomes many problems that plagued classification experts from the molecular level and has been widely used throughout the world.In this paper,the COI barcodes were sequenced from the samples of Nabidae and Anthocoridae collected from China,which laid the foundation for the rapid identification of these domestic species,and provided information on the geographical distribution for the future protection and application of these natural enemies.Meanwhile,we explored the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of different geographical populations of Himacerus apterus,one of the dominant species in Nabidae.At last the genetic relationships between different dietary bugs was discussed.160 COI sequences of damsel bugs with length of 658 bp were obtained.The samples were identified according to the NCBI database and the International Barcode Data System.Four genera were identified: Nabis,Nabicula,Himacerus and Gorpis.Among the 160 samples,there were at least 35 species,6 of which can be highly matched to the database barcode currently,the number of samples ranges from more to less: Himacerus apterus,Nabicula flavomarginata,Nabis capsiformis,Nabicula nigrovittata,Nabis apicalis,Nabis ferus,the proportions of Himacerus apterus were 22.5%.In accordance with the distribution area,the damsel bugs were divided into 3 categories,domestic wide distribution categories: Nabis and H.apterus;North distribution categories: Nabicula;Southern distribution categories: Gorpis and Himacerus.Phylogenetic analysis showed that N.capsiformis and Nabis stenoferus had a close genetic relationship,both of them were far apart from N.ferus.Analysis of genetic differentiation of 33 H.apterus individuals in 12 geographic populations in the four provinces of Ningxia,Inner Mongolia,Shanxi,and Shaanxi showed that there were 19 COI haplotypes,but only one haplotype was the shared haplotypes in four provinces.In the four provinces,Ningxia group had the lowest DNA polymorphism indexes while Inner Mongolia group had the highest indexes.AMOVA analysis showed that the COI molecular variation within and between populations of H.apterus were higher than that between groups and there were extreme genetic differentiation within and between populations.Meanwhile,there were also extreme differentiation between the Ningxia group and the other three groups.Among them,the difference between Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,Shanxi groups reached a very significant level,the genetic differentiation may be due to genetic flow limitations and differences in temperature,prey and other factors between regions.29 COI sequences of flower bugs with length of 658 bp were obtained.Genetic distances and phylogenetic trees showed that there were 4 species in the samples: Orius,Anthocoris,Amphiareus and Scoloposcelis.In addition,the genus Almeida and Bilia may also exist.There were more than 17 species of all specimens.The three species were identified as Orius sauteri,Orius minutus and Anthocoris hsiaoi,other species were the first records of COI barcodes.The phylogenetic tree indicated that the phylogenetic relationship between O.sauteri,O.minutus and O.strigicollis were closer than Orius niger;A.hsiaoi was found closely related to Anthocoris thibetanus.The phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene for the different diet preference species in Nabidae,Anthocoridae,Pentatomidae and Miridae showed that the similar predatory Nabidae and Anthocoridae had close genetic relationship,and Miridae were closed to both of them.The predatory species evolved from herbivorous species in Pentatomidae,of which Picromerus was the most original genus and the species of Arma was later differentiated.The predatory species evolved from herbivorous or planted species in Miridae. |
