| Clivia miniata belongs to the genus Clivia Lindl.in the family Amaryllidaceae,which is an evergreen perennial flower plant.It is of important ornamental value due to its regular foliage,pretty flowers and prolonged fruiting season.The industrialization of Clivia cultivation is developing rapidly in China.Changchun,Anshan and other places in northeast China are the main producing areas in China.However,the natural flowering period of clivia in greenhouse cultivation in Liaoning is usually in March after the Spring Festival,which has a great impact on its commercial value.Clivia is an important Spring Festival flower,opening before the Spring Festival,its price is high.Therefore,it is necessary to study the flower bud differentiation rules of Clivia,so as to effectively regulate the flowering period and advance the flowering period to New Year's day and before the Spring Festival,which will greatly improve the economic benefits of Clivia.Quadrennial Clivia miniata seedlings were used as test materials in this study,unarmed anatomy and paraffin section method were used to observe the morphological differentiation of flower bud differentiation process,the temperature and gibberellin treatment were used to regulate flowering season,and metabonomics was applied to determinate the endogenous substances in each different flower bud differentiation period.These results would be expected to provide theoretical basis and technology base for artificial control flowering of Clivia miniata.The main conclusions are as follows:The phenological period of Clivia miniata in greenhouse was observed in Shenyang area.Results showed that at the begining of February,the scape began to show,and by the begining of March,the scape stopped growing,flowering period began in mid-March,ended in late April,the whole flowering period lasted about 40 d.The fruit began to swell in early May and matured in early January next year.The type of Clivia miniata flower bud differentiation is a year many times differentiation,larger number of four years seedlings existed two inflorescence bud,and a small number of plants existed three inflorescence bud at the same time through the year-round flower bud differentiation.There was a direct link between flower bud differentiation and some nutrition in plants,and each flower bud existed between 4-5 leaves.Paraffin section method was used to divide the flower organ formation process into seven stages: initial differentiation stage,involucre primordium differentiation stage,inflorescence primordium differentiation stage,floret primordium differentiation stage,petal differentiation stage,stamen differentiation stage and pistil differentiation stage.The continuous low temperature cold storage 500 h and 1000 h at 10 ? were used toregulate the flowering period at the end of July in summer,respectively.The results showed that the two groups of treatment could not promote the emergening scape in advance purpose compared to CK.Both two treatments had no significant difference,and the first flowering date of three groups was on 15 th February,10 th February and 13 th February in CK,500 h treatment and 1000 h treatment,respectively.The results of 1 week,2 weeks,3 weeks,4weeks,5 weeks,6 weeks,7 weeks for 10 ? cold storage treatments in autumn showed that as the cold storage time increased,the scape of emergence rate is higher,which can effectively regulate the flowering time in advance.After dealing with the low temperature,the plant flowering rate in the greenhouse with high temperature was better than in the low temperature condition in greenhouse,and potted plants were better than bare root.When the low temperature treatment was at 3 weeks,the scape of emergence in advanced,high temperature greenhouse potted plants was 70%,the cryogenic greenhouse potted plants was 10%,the high temperature in greenhouse potted plant was 60%,and low temperature greenhouse bare-root plants was 10%.At the beginning of September,Clivia miniata was divided into groups and treated with GA3 at different concentrations of 0 mg·L-1,50 mg·L-1,100 mg·L-1 and 200 mg·L-1respectively.The results showed that the florescence of Clivia miniata treated with GA3 could be advanced 30-40 days.The flowering duration of GA3 treated with 100 mg·L-1 was longer,and the effect of different concentrations on scape length and number of flowers was not obvious.Among them,the emerging scape percentage of Clivia miniata treated with 200mg·L-1 GA3 were the earliest,which began to emerging of scape on 7th November and grew rapidly with a emerging scape percentage of 70%.The emerging scape percentage of 100mg·L-1 GA3 was 90%.The emerging scape percentage of Clivia miniata was the highest at 50mg·L-1 GA3.In general,the effect of 50 mg·L-1 treatment was better than 100 mg·L-1 about the flowering date in advance.With Clivia miniata leaves as the materials,the four different flower bud differentiation stage of Clivia miniata samples were used as metabonomics sequencing analysis.The results showed that 11,882 metabolites were detected under the positive ions,and 4,942 metabolites were enriched in KEGG database;9,057 metabolites were detected in the negative ion mode,and 3,132 metabolites were enriched in KEGG database.There were a large number of metabolites detected in the process of flower bud differentiation of Clivia miniata.The internal process of,Clivia miniata flower bud differentiation was complicated,multiple metabolic pathways were need to participate together.Trend analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on the differential metabolites.Major differences in different periods of metabolites were involved in Metabolic pathways,Biosynthesis of amino acid,Purinemetabolism,Starch and sucrose metabolism,Arginine and proline metabolism,Fatty acid biosynthesis,Phenylalanine metabolism,and Citrate cycle,etc.The results showed that during the flower bud differentiation and growth,the plant underwent a lot of metabolic substance conversion and nutrient substance accumulation. |
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