Spatial-temporal Evolution And Analysis Of The Driving Force Of Oil Palm Patterns In Southeast Asia From 2000 To 2018

Oil palm is one of the main economic crops in Southeast Asia,and the palm oil it produces occupies an important position in the world vegetable oil market.Accordingly,based on the Google Earth Engine platform,combined with Landsat remote sensing image data,using classification and regression tree methods,the overall distribution of oil palm in2018 in Southeast Asia and spatial-temporal distribution of oil palm planting area in Malaysia and Indonesia's Sumatra and Kalimantan in 2000,2005,2009,2015 and 2018 was obtained.The oil palm classification results in Southeast Asia combined with Southeast Asia elevation data,2000—2018 Malaysia,Indonesia oil palm planting area,crude palm oil prices,2001—2017 Malaysian forest loss rate and other statistical data,using planting gravity shift method to analyze 2000—2018 Distribution of oil palm planted area in Southeast Asia in2015.The oil palm planting model from 2000 to 2018 was summarized,and the driving factors that affected the change in oil palm planting area were analyzed.Research indicates:(1)In 2018,oil palm was planted 304262.01 km2 in Southeast Asia,of which Malaysia accounted for 38.01%,Indonesia accounted for 58.06%,Thailand accounted for 3.35%,and the Philippines and Cambodia accounted for 0.69% and 0.12%,respectively.The area of oil palm plantation in Malaysia increased from 55869 km2 in 2000 to 115630.84 km2 in 2018.From 2000 to 2018,the area of oil palm cultivation in Sumatra and Kalimantan,Indonesia increased from 46926.41 km2 to 166947.68 km2.(2)During the transfer of the center of gravity of oil palm cultivation,it was found that the center of gravity of oil palm cultivation in East Malaysia,West Malaysia,Sumatra and Kalimantan is located near the river,and the transfer distance is limited.From 2000 to 2018,the center of planting in West Malaysia has always moved in the Temasek District of Pahang,but the center of planting in East Malaysia shifted from the coast to the inland from 2000 to2009 about 100 km,and in 2015 and 2018 it moved to the coast again.The overall growth of oil palm cultivation shows a trend of expansion to inland areas.The planting center of gravity of Sumatra and Kalimantan shifted a maximum of 77.7 km.The expansion of oil palm between regions showed a relatively balanced state,and the growth rate of planting areas in various provinces was relatively stable.(3)The main cultivation areas of oil palm are all below 100 m above sea level.Malaysia has a higher proportion of oil palm cultivation in areas above 100 m above sea level than Indonesia.Although the distribution of oil palms in the main planting areas shows a tendency to expand to high altitudes,the highest expansion is to areas below 300 m above sea level,and there is no oil palm cultivation in areas above 300 m above sea level.(4)Oil palm expansion process presents three types of expansion modes:(i)from a fragmented pattern to a connected area,(ii)expansion along a river,and(iii)from a plain to a gently sloped area.Mode(i)is the main pattern in West Malaysia and Sumatra,while Mode(iii)exists in the oil palm plantation in northern West Malaysia and central Sumatra.Model(i)and Model(ii)are the main models in East Malaysia and Kalimantan.(5)The cultivation and distribution of oil palm is affected by topography,crude palm oil prices,deforestation,policies of palm oil importing and exporting countries,and the opinions of international organizations on the palm oil industry.With the price of crude palm oil increased,the area of deforestation increased,and palm oil producing countries introduced policies to encourage planting,the area of oil palm plantation gradually increased.When palm oil prices fell,importing countries issued a boycott policy,and international organizations raised their opinions against palm oil,the area under oil palm cultivation remained stable or even declined.