| Loess plateau is one of the regions with the most serious soil and water erosion in China.Due to the vulnerability of its natural environment and the increasingly strong influence of activities,the soil and water erosion in loess plateau is characterized by large degree of soil and water erosion,wide coverage area and fast rate of soil and water erosion.The serious soil erosion has caused incalculable erosion to the regional economic development and ecological security of the loess plateau.Therefore,China attaches great importance to the soil erosion control in the loess plateau.After decades of soil erosion control,the ecological environment of the loess plateau has been effectively restored,the Yellow River has become clear,the sand has become green,and the social economy of the region has also achieved considerable positive development.At present,China has put the construction of ecological civilization into the national strategic height,so it is necessary to systematically summarize the current situation and formation mechanism of soil and water erosion control model in the loess plateau,and guide the soil and water erosion control work in the new era of the loess plateau.In this study,the practice and theoretical research of comprehensive soil and water erosion control model in small watershed at home and abroad were comprehensively sorted out and summarized.On this basis,the soil and water erosion control model in the loess plateau,a key soil and water erosion control region in China,was systematically studied and analyzed.By selecting the six typical governance on the loess plateau watershed,using existing data summary and six valley field investigation combined with the research methods of typical basin system for control measures of soil erosion and water erosion and soil erosion control mode has carried on the system summary and quantitative analysis,compared the hilly-gully loess plateau soil erosion governance patterns of similarities and differences on different type areas,from the natural geography and social economic development needs to discuss the governance pattern formation dynamics of basin soil erosion framework on the loess plateau soil and water erosion management pattern formation mechanism is put forward.The study has reference value for the current soil erosion management in loess plateau,ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin.The Loess Plateau is one of the most serious areas of soil erosion in our country due to the fragility of its natural environment and the strong influence of human activities.Its serious soil erosion has caused inestimable erosiones to local economic development and ecological security of the Loess Plateau.Our country attaches great importance to the management of soil and water erosion on the Loess Plateau.After decades of soil and water erosion management,the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau has been effectively restored,and social economic has also developed substantially and positively.Nowadays,our country has put the construction of ecological civilization at the national strategic level.It is necessary to systematically summarize the status and formation mechanism of the pattern of soil and water erosion management in the Loess Plateau to guide the management of soil erosion in the new era of the Loess Plateau.Based on a comprehensive review of the practice and theoretical research on the pattern of soil and water erosion management in small watersheds at home and abroad,this study took the Loess Plateau which was the key area of soil and water erosion management in China as the object of investigation,conducted a systematic analysis on its soil and water erosion management.which would provide practical experience and theoretical basis for future soil and water erosion management of the Loess Plateau and ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.(1)This study stated explained the theoretical basis and connotation of comprehensive management of small watersheds and their patterns,and explained the relevant concepts and connotations of small watersheds,their comprehensive management and models using the theory of runoff regulation,sustainable development and systems theory.It was believed that the comprehensive management of small watersheds was not only a solution to the ecological problems of an independent unit,but also a large composite system composed of ecological problems,socio-economic and development status,resource utilization and other multi-level and multi-factor elements.(2)This study selected the land use status,plant measures,engineering measures and farming measures as the survey object of the soil and water erosion control measure system in the small watershed.The results showed that human activities affected the land use of the region.The main land use types of the six typical small watersheds were forest,grassland and cropland,accounting for 46.7%,25.9% and 17.7% of the total area of the surveyed watershed respectively.The vegetation construction was one of the most common means of soil and water erosion control on the Loess Plateau.Common engineering measures included terraces,fish scale pits,horizontal steps,horizontal ditches,and silt dams,among which terraces were the most common,and the area of terraces in 6 watersheds accounted for 20.7% of the total.According to different natural conditions and economic conditions,soil and water conservation measures had different layouts and supporting methods.(3)Taking artificial intervention restoration measures as the key research object,a total of 40 plots were set up in six watersheds to study the carbon restoration benefits of ecological restoration measures.The results showed that the project of returning farmland to forest and grassland on the Loess Plateau had brought significant carbon sink benefits.The soil organic carbon storage of grassland(39.42±22.21 t·hm-2),abandoned terraced fields(34.11±7.66 t·hm-2),terraced fields(32.48±11.27 t ·Hm-2),shrubs(32.16±23.33 t·hm-2)and economic forests(31.39±20.93 t·hm-2)was significantly higher than slope farmland(18.08±5.44 t·hm-2)(P <0.05).Human management would significantly affect the distribution structure of soil organic carbon,which could reduce the soil organic carbon's cohesion by 13.6%(P<0.05).At the same time,the carbon sequestration ability of soil was deeply affected by climate and soil.The combination of engineering measures and vegetation measures could show better carbon sink benefits through artificial promotion and natural recovery.(4)Using the land use situation of different small watersheds and the distribution and coordination of leading soil erosion control measures,combined with the economic development policies of small watersheds,we proposed six watershed soil and water erosion management patterns of watersheds.Through field investigation and theoretical basis,the formation mechanism and influencing factors were expounded.We also proposed the heterogeneity and extensiveness of the management pattern of soil and water erosion in the Loess Plateau by comparing various watersheds stereoscopicly,that was,the comprehensive management pattern of small watersheds should be used for scientific reference,focusing on details and differences for precise improvement based on local conditions.In the new era,the construction of a new pattern should actively implement new concepts,and focus on the combination of soil erosion management patterns with policies,industries,and the environment,which could not only effectively improve the local ecological environment,but also be a feasible way to create " Green mountains and clear water are equal to mountains of gold and silver" Road. |
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