Seasonal Change And Correlation Of Body Hormone,Immunoglobulin And Intestinal Microbes In Yak And Cattle On The Tibetan Plateau

Yaks are indigenous domestic animals that have lived on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for 10,000 years.They have become an important model animal for people to understand the biological evolution and adaptability of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under the extreme cold and hypoxia.With the development of modern agriculture and animal husbandry,more and more cattle have been introduced to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,together with yak,they have become important livestock animals in alpine pastoral areas.Therefore,a comparative analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the yak and cattle animal bodies is helpful for a deeper understanding of the adjustment mechanism of indigenous animals and post-migrating animals to the extreme environment of high cold and hypoxia.The sustainable management of alpine animal husbandry has important reference value.Traditional animal physiological and biochemical blood and body sample collection and detection methods will not only cause animals to have a stress response when collecting samples,but also damage the welfare of animals.Therefore,from August 2018 to July 2019,the paper used non-invasive sampling to collect hair and fecal samples of yak and cattle naturally farmed by herdsmen in typical alpine pastoral areas;by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay?ELISA?and Radioimmunoassay?RIA?technology to measure yak and cattle stress,reproduction and immunophysiology-related indicators,using 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing method to detect yak and cattle fecal intestinal microbial composition Changes;analyzed the changes of melatonin,immunoglobulins,and intestinal microbes in the fecal of yak and cattle in different months,and explained the relationship between the three and fecal steroid hormones.The main findings are as follows:1.The glucocorticoid levels in fecal of yak and cattle have significant seasonal changes in different months,and there is a very significant difference?P<0.001?,and there is a very significant difference between the two cattle breeds?P<0.001?.In contrast,glucocorticoid levels in the fecal of yak and cattle increased significantly in the cold season,so in the cold season,more attention should be paid to supplementary feeding and protection of yak and cattle.There was no significant difference in glucocorticoid levels in yak fecal between different genders and ages,but there was a very significant interaction between different months and ages?P<0.001?.2.There are significant seasonal changes in fecal estradiol levels of female yaks of different ages in different months,and there is a very significant difference?P <0.001?.The difference between different ages is not significant,but the two?month and age?are very significant.Interaction?P<0.001?;and from May to July during estrus,estradiol in yak fecal increased significantly?P<0.05?.3.In different months,fecal progesterone levels of female yaks of different ages have significant seasonal changes,there are very significant differences?P<0.001?,and there are very significant differences between different ages?P<0.001?.During the pre-calving period and the calving period from February to March,progesterone in yak fecal increased significantly?P<0.05?.At the same time,there is a very significant positive correlation between fecal glucocorticoid levels and progesterone levels in female yaks?P<0.001?,This shows that for female yaks,reproductive pressure also has a certain effect on the elevation of glucocorticoids.4.There were significant seasonal changes in fecal testosterone levels in yak and cattle fecal during different months,with very significant differences?P<0.001?,and there were very significant differences between the two cattle breeds?P<0.001?.5.In different months,the levels of cortisol in the hair of yak and cattle are extremely significant?P<0.001?,and there are significant differences between the two cattle breeds?P<0.05?.There is a very significant difference in hair cortisol levels between female and male yak?P<0.001?,and there is a very significant difference between different genders?P<0.001?.At different sampling locations,there was no significant difference in the level of cortisol in the neck,shoulder,and hip hairs.6.In different months,the fecal immunoglobulin IgA,IgG and IgM levels of yak and cattle have significant seasonal changes,there are very significant differences?P<0.001?,and there are very significant differences in fecal immunoglobulin IgA between different cattle breeds?P<0.001?,there are very significant differences in yak fecal immunoglobulins IgA and IgM between different ages?P<0.001?.In addition,yak and fecal glucocorticoids and immunoglobulins IgA and IgM have a very significant negative correlation?P<0.001?,and yak fecal glucocorticoids and immunoglobulin IgG have a significantly negative correlation?P<0.001?.Therefore,fecal glucocorticoids will inhibit the production of immunoglobulins to a certain extent.7.In different months,the melatonin levels of yak and cattle have significant seasonal changes,and there is a very significant difference?P<0.001?,the difference between the two cattle breeds is not significant,and the melatonin level of yak manure between different ages is very a significant difference?P<0.001?.The glucocorticoid levels of yak and cattle fecal and the levels of progesterone and melatonin in yak fecal were extremely significantly negatively correlated?P<0.001?,and the immunoglobulins IgA,IgG and IgM of yak fecal and fecal melatonin were very significantly positive Correlation?P<0.001?,but only the immunoglobulin IgA and fecal melatonin had a very significant positive correlation?P<0.001?.8.In different months,the intestinal microbial alpha diversity and beta diversity of yak and cattle have significant seasonal changes,there is a very significant difference?P<0.001?,and there is a certain degree of difference between the two cattle species,of which the predominant phylum of fecal microorganisms includes Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and Verrucomicrobia.The dominant genera are Label₅₇N15,Akkermansia,CF231,Oscillospira,Clostridium,Prevotella,Ruminococcus.There is a certain degree of correlation between the dominant species in the gut microbes and glucocorticoids,melatonin,and immunoglobulins IgA,IgM,IgG.The body hormones,immunoglobulins,and fecal microorganisms of yak and cattle living together in the alpine pastoral area of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau vary greatly between months,and the differences between cattle species are also large,but the monthly trends are consistent.The composition and changes of livestock fecal microorganisms and livestock the hormones of the body are closely related;it shows that the stress of yak and cattle is related to the physiological and biochemical characteristics of different cattle breeds.Cattle living in the alpine environment for a long time are also like yak,which can reflect the strong response with the seasonal climate change of the alpine environment.Stimulate adaptability.