Research On The Circulation Of Books On Western Learning In Tianjin In The Late Qing Dynasty(1895-1911)

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894,the demand for Western learning in Chinese society increased,and the spread of Western learning accelerated.Western books,the main medium of Western learning,were more widely circulated and read.Tianjin is the central area for the implementation of the Westernization and New Policy during the Late Qing Dynasty.The circulation,compilation and publication of Western books in the Tianjin area are representative.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894,the number of books on the sale of Western books in Tianjin increased significantly.In addition to the local founders,bookstores in other regions also set up semicolons in Tianjin,and the book industry showed a boom.The official Western Book Publishing System,represented by the Zhili Official Book Office and the Western Academy Official Book Office,and the folk Western Book Publishing System represented by Wenmeizhai,the Commercial Press,and the Da Gong Bao Hall are the two main types of the circulation of the Western Book in the Tianjin market.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894,the official Western book sales agency was the main one,and after the Gengzi(1900),the folk bookstore was the main one.In addition to the bookstore sales,Tianjin’s modern library,the new school library,the Tianjin Youth Association and other institutions also have a collection of Western booksThe circulation of Western books means the spread of Western learning.During this period,the contents of Western books in the Tianjin market were very rich,and they were broadly divided into three categories:natural science books and social science books,current affairs books,and textbooks.All kinds of natural science books and social science books are very common.The natural sciences and social sciences of Western learning are systematically and systematically introduced into Tianjin.During the process of Western learning.Chinese people wrote political books,travel notes and other books as current affairs books.The establishment of the new school and the setting of the Western course have made the Western books appear in the form of school textbooks and circulate in all levels of schools in Tianjin.This is also an important factor in the circulation of the Western books in this period.In addition,the reform of the imperial examination system in the late Qing Dynasty made the living space of Western learning expand,and some Western books became the reference books for imperial examination.Some books in the society that help the scholars to test also contain Western learning content.Behind the circulation of Western books,it is not only the reaction of the changes in the Tianjin book market in the late Qing Dynasty,but also the changes in the knowledge of Tianjin society.Scholars,officials,new school teachers and students,and other members of the community interested in new knowledge have become the main readers of Western books and the main recipients of new knowledge.Many of them,such as Yan Xiu,Xu Shichang,Wang Xiang,Song Zejiu,etc.,are not only representatives of the reading group of the Western Book in Tianjin,but also gradually began the practice of social change through the reading of Western books.