A Study On Environmental Injustice In Gary,Indiana,USA From The 1940s To The1970s

Gary,Indiana,USA is located on the south shore of Lake Michigan,25 miles from Chicago,and is known as the "last frontier" of Indiana.In 1906,American Steel Company built Gary,an industrial city,to expand its business in the Midwest.As an experiment in industrial city planning,industrialists tried to prove that the city of Gary is not only expected to solve many of the problems faced by industrial metropolises,but also to solve the social and cultural problems of urban modernization.In just a few years,Gary has made great achievements in economic construction.People once called them "city of miracles" and "city of steel".Gary steel company not only became the largest steel plant in the United States,but also became a model for the global steel industry.But over time,the city of Gary did not realize the original wishes of its builders,but instead became a symbol of the plight of American cities in the 20 th century and one of the most polluted cities in the United States.The city of Gary also witnessed how the division of class and race led to environmental injustice and the rise and development of the environmental justice movement.This article attempts to explore the changes in the environmental rights of African Americans by studying the environmental injustice of Gary City and the role and role of different interest groups in the environmental justice movement.This paper is divided into three parts: introduction,text and conclusion:The first part examines the phenomenon and causes of the rise of Gary City,Indiana,and environmental injustice.The second part discusses the environmental injustice and conflicts between the white middle class and African-American minorities in housing and entertainment facilities after World War II.After World War ?,attention to quality of life has made the white middle class the main force of the environmental movement.The white middle class has played an important role in the protection of suburban residential facilities,environmental pollution control and national park construction.Housing and entertainment facilities have adopted strict apartheid policies for minorities such as African Americans,which has led to minorities such as African Americans living in the most polluted areas.In response tothis unjust situation,African Americans and other ethnic minorities waged a series of struggles.The third part discusses that in the mid-1960 s,with the white flight and the steady growth of the black population,African Americans gained a numerical majority in the city,and their opportunities to launch independent political strategies and environmental justice movements were realized.In the 1967 election of the mayor of Gary,African-American Richard Gordon Hatcher became the first black mayor in Gary,addressing environmental injustice and industrial pollution.Municipal reform and efforts to solve environmental injustices have achieved remarkable results.The article concludes with a discussion of the many practical dilemmas that existed in Gary after the 1970s.