| Since the late Qing Dynasty,western countries have been expanding their aggression on China's politics,economy and culture.As an integral part of Western religious culture,Christianity also spread to all parts of China with the strong ships and guns of the great powers.Due to the rapid spread of Christianity in China and the active participation and interference of missionaries in the life of the Chinese people,there are many struggles between the missionaries and the people against foreign religions.Zhang Zhidong was a local governor for a long time in the late Qing Dynasty,and his contacts with Christianity in modern China were very frequent,which formed his own thoughts and practice of involving religion.Through the analysis of Zhang Zhidong's negotiation practice with Christianity,this paper summarizes Zhang Zhidong's response to Christianity in China as follows: first,coordinate and protect the government,business and people's religions in various countries.Suppress the guild bandits and the anti foreign religion movement;forbid anonymous posting,crack down on rumors,arrest the rumor making bandits;protect the property and personal safety of the commercial and civil priests.Second,handle teaching plans prudently and equally.Check the case,eliminate the opinions of the people's religion,and strictly deal with the cases of people's religion negotiation;settle the cases impartially and properly,make reasonable compensation,and refuse the unreasonable demands of foreign consuls,missionaries and people with both reasons;punish the officials who fail to protect the education and severely punish the troublemakers;consult the church,and prepare for baby rearing,so as to prevent the occurrence of teaching cases.Third,strengthen the cooperation and management of Christian forces.On the one hand,it limits the privileges of Christian missionaries in China.It is forbidden for missionaries to interfere in China's internal affairs by means of the missionary plan,restrict the missionaries to buy land,buy property and set up a church to preach in the mainland,and reject the unreasonable demands of missionaries.On the other hand,the missionaries used their contacts and knowledge to set up the cause of westernization and the new deal.All in all,Zhang Zhidong's ideological understanding and contingency policy towards Christianity are in constant change,with the characteristics of keeping pace with the times and stressing the reality.The development trend is from criticism to construction.Through the thought and practice of Zhang Zhidong's religious affairs,we can not only understand the transformation and characteristics of Zhang Zhidong's thought and practice in dealing with Christianity in different periods,but also have a deeper understanding of Zhang Zhidong's personal image and influence in modern Chinese history.This is not only helpful to understand the ideological changes and social changes of the representatives of the upper class of the late Qing Dynasty and the modern officials and gentry in the face of foreign affairs,but also to better understand the relationship between Zhang Zhidong and the politics and diplomacy of the late Qing Dynasty. |
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