The Reasonable Dimension Of Principles Of Justice Construction And Justification In The Original Position

A basic problem to be solved by political philosophy is how is social integration possible? The root behind this lies in the tension between the universality of the application of the moral principle and the moral foundation of this principle.In order to close the gap,Rawls adopted Kant's practical reason approach and constructed the principle of justice under the experimental conditions of the original position by means of constructivism.Therefore,the essence of the original position is the process of constructing practical reason,and the value orientation it presents is purely recipient-oriented,which is oriented to the equality of everyone's moral ability.Moral ability is practical reason,which is manifested in two forms: reason and rationality,and its structure is embodied in reason restricting rationality.The content and structure of practical reason are shown through the requirements of human and experimental conditions respectively.The requirements for human beings are mainly manifested in three high-level interests and the ability to a sense of justice and rationality.In terms of experimental conditions,the second-layer orientation of human beings is mainly constructed through the veil of ignorance.The principle of justice is only constructed in the first-layer orientation of human beings and has nothing to do with the second-layer orientation.In addition,the maxmin rule,deliberative rationality and reflective balance support the conditions required by all parties under the veil of ignorance.From the two dimensions of practical reason,it can finally be summarized into three major connotations: the ability to produce public ingredients,the ability to speculate and the ability to reflect.The three connotations of practical rationality run through "Theory of Justice" and "Political Liberalism" and play the role of constructing the principle of justice in the first-layer orientation of individuals who are indifferent to each other and citizens in a democratic society.Although the principle of justice constructed in the original position can be deduced from people's moral ability and make all parties reach a deep agreement,critics have raised many doubts about Rawls' ideal theory based on reality,which can be summarized into three forms of skepticism: formal skepticism,skepticism about the source of moral effectiveness,and skepticism about the concept of people.However,the existence of practical reason is not to verify the fact that there is no difference between the ideal political system and the realistic justice system,but to verify the possibility of reaching,more specifically to construct a possible ideal system based on the elements that may exist or will exist in reality.In this sense,Rawls' s revival of Kant's practical rationality in the contemporary era has opened up a new way for later generations to think about the connection between human nature and social system.The theoretical significance of exploring Rawls' s Kantian reasonable approach lies in that Rawls' s justice theory framework is actually a philosophical justification of institutional ethics.From a normative point of view,the publicity of the social system determines that it must protect the interests of everybody as a member of society,so its highest ideal is the homogeneity of the integration between individual interests and the collective interests of individuals.If the system only cares about the collective interests of individuals,yet leaves the task of extending the equal individual interests to all people to compromise while "sitting idly",then the part of interests groups,especially vulnerable groups,will be lost in the process of equal extension and interests compromise,and the original intention of the justice principle and the social system will fall through.Therefore,the social system should take the equality and freedom of every social member as its mission,and never compromise to take the "self-righteous" bottom line of freedom and equality as its mission just because of high standards which are too difficult to reach.