The Effects Of Unsuccessful Retrieval Attempts On Learning With Meaningful Material

The retrieval practice effect refers to retrieval practice will get more memory retention and transfer for the knowledge of learning compared to repeated study which in equal time.Successful retrieval information from memory is important,but unsuccessful retrieval attempts is often unavoidable.Currently,there is no sufficient empirical support for unsuccessful retrieval attempts promote learning within meaningful material,then,the effect of unsuccessful retrieval attempts on learning is often confused with the positive effect caused by attention direction,and it cannot reveal the promotion effect of unsuccessful retrieval attempts on learning.Finally,in the influence of two important external factors,the timing of-feedback and the tests interval,there is no universal conclusion as to differences of the effects of unsuccessful retrieval attempts on the learning of meaningful materials.There is still no clear and definite conclusion on these issues.This research is based on the above problems,used meaningful materials to examine the effect of unsuccessful attempts to learn on learning outcomes.In experiment l,manipulating different learning conditions,using 3(learning conditions:test,underline,restudy)× 2(final test type:factual,concept)to examined the distinguish between the benefits of unsuccessful retrieval attempts to the effects of attention direction.In experiment 2,Based on the results of experiment 1,adopting 3(feedback timing:immediate,delayed,repeated)× 2(test interval:instant,delay)× 2(final test type:fact,concept)to proven that unsuccessful retrieval attempts have their own advantages.Further,examined the effect of unsucc'essful retrieval attempts in different feedback times and test intervals for memory learning.In experiment 3,under the best feedback timing and test interval conditions,adopting 2(learning conditions:test,restudy)× 2(final transfer test type:fact,concept)discussed the learning transfer on the impact of unsuccessful retrieval attempts in meaningful learning materials.Based on the three experiments,this study concludes as follows:Firstly,the benefits of the unsuccessful retrieval attempts for information can not be attributed to the positive effect of attention direction on information,which has its own advantages,which even beyond the positive impact of attention direction on learning.Secondly,learning on the meaningful materials,unsuccessful retrieval attempts under different feedback timing and test interval have different benefits in performance,delayed feedback,immediatly test interval gain the best performance.Finally,Unsuccessful retrieval attempts has a positive effect on the memory retention and learning transfer of meaningful materials.The effect of learning transfer is more obvious in factual knowledge and less obvious in conceptual knowledge.