Humanism, New Humanism And The Development Of Modern German Universities

In modern history,German universities have always been a model for the world’s higher education.In fact,German universities originated from medieval universities.However,due to the influence of economic,educational,religious and other factors in the Middle Ages,the medieval universities were shrouded in a strong religious color and lacked the guidance of humanistic ideas,so that German universities started late and developed slowly.In the late 15th century,the European society in the transition period experienced the baptism of the Renaissance and the Reformation,and the humanistic trend of thought was surging.Humanism has gradually entered the university and has produced a series of changes in the development of the university.Under the impact of humanistic thinking,German universities have begun the path of modernization.During this period,the functions,curriculum and teaching methods of German universities have changed.Mainly reflected in:During this period,the university functions mainly served Christianity from the Middle Ages,aiming at cultivating clergy,pursuing uthe other side of the world",turning to serving the secular society,pursuing the "faith of humanistic spirit";the university was preceded by the course "seven The "heroic territory" of nArt"and the "unification of the world" of "theology" were broken,the orthodox status of the scholastic philosophy was challenged,and the humanism curriculum began to have a place in the university;in the transformation of teaching methods,the Middle Ages taught and The debate-based approach to teaching is no longer prevalent,and group teaching has become popular in German universities.In the 18th century,the first university reform represented by Halle University and Gottingen made the face of German universities fresh,and the religious color of German universities was diluted.Both the university’s training objectives and the university’s curriculum content and teaching methods are reflected.Modern scientific orientation.After experiencing the impact of humanism,German universities finally got rid of the shackles of Christianity in the 18th century,and the trend of secularization became increasingly obvious.In the 19th century,German liberalism and new humanism became more and more intense.New humanists represented by Humboldt,Fichte,Schleiermacher and others raised their own university views.At the beginning of the 19th century,influenced by the new humanistic ideas,in 1810,under the leadership of Humboldt,the University of Berlin,known as the "mother of modern universities",was formally established.The establishment of the University of Berlin is a major innovation in the university system.Its main manifestation is:in the university function,the University of Berlin has implemented the "integration of teaching and research" and"pure academic" educational concepts of Humboldt,and the university aims to cultivate a"complete person" of comprehensive and harmonious development;In the curriculum,the science curriculum in modern universities in Germany has generally increased,and humanities education and science education are on a par with each other.In the teaching methods,the emergence and institutionalization of the seminar system has changed the old traditional teaching methods for the university and realized teaching.The educational goals combined with research provide an institutional foundation.The establishment of the University of Berlin in the 19th century was a milestone in the history of the development of German universities.As a result,German universities have completed the transition from traditional universities to modern universities.