Research On The Changes Of Exercises In High School Physics Textbooks In China Since The Late Qing Dynasty

Since the end of the Qing Dynasty,China's education has continued to develop,and has experienced bumpy progress.Among them,the development of high school physics textbooks,the setting of their exercises and the development and innovation of writing are interrelated and accompanied by each other.Exercises are indispensable in the process of education and teaching,and play an important role in the teaching process and students' autonomous learning.In this study,the "mechanics" part of the 14 sets of high school physics textbooks as the research object since the end of the Qing Dynasty(1904)was compiled,and the contents of the "mechanics" part were collated and summarized.First of all,based on the development and change of physics textbooks in each period as the background,and based on the requirements of the senior high school physics curriculum standards for the exercises in each period,the "mechanics" part of the textbooks in each period was selected as the analysis focus of the research exercises,and the analysis and comparison were unified.Second,a comparative analysis of the problem set(surface analysis)and characteristics(deep analysis)in 14 sets of textbooks will reveal the changing rules and characteristics of the textbook exercises in each period.Finally,through questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews with teachers,learn about the use of exercises by teachers in the actual teaching process,and analyze the thoughts and suggestions of many front-line teachers on the exercises.Based on this,this study reveals the impact of social background and ideology on exercises in textbooks from three perspectives,and then provides a reference for the problems and teaching suggestions of current textbook exercises.Through text research,the following conclusions are reached:Conclusion 1:The development of China's high school physics textbooks is closely related to the development of the times and the development of textbooks over the pastcentury.It has experienced a bumpy and tortuous process.The writing and content design of physics textbooks in China have used the textbook experience of Japan,the Soviet Union,the United States and other countries successively.From the translation and adaptation of textbooks in other countries to the independent writing of textbooks,the establishment of a publishing house to compile textbooks has continued to explore in the process of "diversification".Secondly,the constant update and change of the physics curriculum standards have an impact on the development of textbooks.Conclusion two:For the surface analysis of the exercises,(1)the position and columns of physics textbook exercises in each period of China have changed significantly,and the characteristics and laws of textbooks in each period have been infiltrated in the process of change.(2)The difference in the number of exercises reflects the subjective consciousness and objective requirements of textbook development.As far as the subsection exercises are concerned,the number of exercises changes from scratch,from increasing to decreasing to increasing,and the number of chapter exercises is relatively stable over time.(3)The changing trend,characteristics and content of exercise types change with the changing background of each period.As a result,each type of exercise in a textbook experiences different twists and turns.Conclusion 3:For the in-depth analysis of the exercises,(1)the average knowledge content of the exercises has gradually increased over time,and its development is in line with the trend of world education reform,the needs of teaching today and the requirements of the times for students.Among them,the 2019 version has the highest average knowledge content,and the1904 version has the lowest.(2)There are the most "no background" exercises in the "mechanics" section of the 14 sets of textbooks,and the total number of background exercises for "life scenarios" and "technology life" is about the same."Cultural history" has the least amount of background exercises."Experimental inquiry" and "sports" background exercises increase with changes in textbooks and the progress of the times.(3)The influencing factors of open exercises are:the background of the era is related to the type of the exercises.The number and type of open exercises in each period are not related.(4)Since the founding of the People's Republic of China,the total breadth of high school physics textbookexercises has continued to increase;the average depth of "mechanics" exercises in each period has not changed much,keeping the average depth of the exercises stable;the difficulty of the exercises has a non-linear change,showing instability,and the total depth Determines the difficulty of the "mechanics" part of the textbook in each period.(5)The levels of the exercises are inconsistent in each period,but generally meet the curriculum standards(outline)and textbook exercise requirements.Conclusion 4:Inheriting useful teaching ideas in different periods,focusing on training core literacy,is the development direction of physics exercises in high schools in China;there are different ways to use exercises in different regions,schools,and versions of textbooks;Teaching and student learning;guiding adaptation to various exams is the main function of exercises.