The Development Dilemma,Measures And Enlightenment Of Private Universities In Japan's Post-massification Stage

At present,Chinese higher education is entering the post-massification stage.The Communist Party and the government proposed "encouraging social forces to establish education",which will effectively promote the further development of private higher education.It is worth noting that the scale of higher education in China has experienced continuous expansion for 20 years,and the demand intensity of the age-appropriate population is weakening.From the 1990 s to the beginning of this century,Japanese private universities in the post-massification stage had fallen into a serious development dilemma.An in-depth analysis of the causes and countermeasures can provide reference for the development of private higher education in China.For this reason,this article mainly using the literature analysis method,comparative research method and historical research method to carefully sort out the development of Japanese private colleges and universities since the 1990 s.The reality of entering the post-massification stage has put forward practical suggestions for the future development of private universities in China.The main conclusions are as follows:First,the rising demand for higher education enrollment in Japan after World War II has caused the number of private universities to rise sharply,and has become the main force for the massification of higher education in Japan.In the massification,Japanese private universities have formed their own development characteristics.For example: Japanese private universities have a strong sensitivity to the demand of the student source market and the labor market;a strong dependence on tuition income;it has become the norm to enroll students beyond the number of fixed numbers;the curriculum is mainly liberal arts.Second,when the development of Japanese private universities entered the post-massification stage,it has fell into a predicament,such as a sharp decline in enrollment,imbalances in fiscal revenue and expenditure,and bankruptcy.There are four reasons: 1.The negative effect of the development characteristics of private universities is highlighted in the post-massification stage.2.As a result of entering the society of aging children,the number of enrolled people in Japanese higher education has dropped sharply.3.The number of non-traditional students is insufficient,and private universities have failed to develop the new students market.4.The amount of government financial assistance to private universities is relatively low.5.“Incorporation of National University” has intensified competition in the Japanese higher education market.Third,the following are the measures taken by private universities and government education departments to cope with difficulties: 1.Actively expanded student source market to increase the enrollment of non-traditional students.2.Adjust the mode of running schools by means of merger,transfer,joint management,etc.,and adjust the curriculum settings to meet diverse admission requirements.3.Private universities open source and cut expenditure internally.Relevant organizations and education departments help private universities increase funding and use efficiency through targeted assistance and enactment of laws and regulations.4.Private universities combine their own development advantages and determine school positioning,thereby enhancing their own competitive advantages.Fourth,the development experience of Japanese private universities has the following implications for the development of private higher education in China:1.Against the background of the gradual decrease in declining birthrates and the slowdown in the enrollment of traditional students,we should actively promote the vertical extension of enrollment of private universities and open up a new source market for non-traditional students.2.Private universities must recognize the stage of development they are in,and realize the transition of a lifelong learning society by opening schools and developing non-degree education.3.The government's macro-control should be strengthened,and the expansion and new operation of private universities should be regulated according to demand.4.Private universities should form characteristics of running schools based on their own school running conditions and enhance their competitive advantages.