Achieving Mars Sample Return on a single Ares V launch

To date, typical Mars Sample Return (MSR) architectures employ a dual launch. However, the MSR could be launched on a single Ares V---reducing cost, risk, and technology development. Total masses were predicted for four architectures, all utilizing a common outbound strategy but unique return strategies, and then compared to the Ares V capability. In the feasibility study, the Direct Ascent architectures exceeded Ares V capability. The Mars Orbit Rendezvous architectures yielded sufficient mass margin. A parametric sensitivity study showed the significant parameters (launch opportunity, propellant mass fraction, mass growth allowance, and specific impulse) are associated with the Mars Ascent Vehicle. The study results suggest the MSR mission should employ orbital rendezvous, utilizing a two-stage ascent vehicle with a solid rocket first stage. Other system parameters (e.g., payload masses, mass growth allowances, propellants) can then be adjusted to maximize mission objectives.