The principles of preservation: The influences of Viollet, Ruskin and Morris on historic preservation

Scope of study. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of influence the nineteenth-century preservation theories of Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, John Ruskin, and William Morris had on modern historic preservation by examining each man's theories and the history and principles of various modern preservation organizations.;Findings and conclusions. Modern preservation organizations have built upon the principles of Viollet, Ruskin, and Morris. Some organizations have followed only the principles of Ruskin and Morris. These include England's Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and the National Trust. Others have combined the differing theories of Ruskin, Morris and Viollet into a more encompassing preservation ideal. These include the United States' National Trust for Historic Preservation and the International Council for Monuments and Sites. The principles of Ruskin and Morris have dominated. This largely occurred due to the contemporary negative views of Viollet's restoration practices. While the practical aspects of historic preservation have changed since the nineteenth century, the need for a passionate movement still exists. Therefore, the emotional and passionate words of Viollet, Ruskin, and Morris can still inspire preservationists today.