Designing a well-formed activity system for an ICT-supported constructivist learning environment: A CHAT perspective

Much educational research has suggested that information and communication technologies (ICTs) promote constructivist classroom. In contrast, most teachers in actual classrooms continue to struggle with the pedagogical and practical challenges in using ICTs to facilitate student knowledge construction and collaboration. This dissertation presents a new approach to overcome problems with ICT integration in K-12 school education. The study examined a Grade 7 teacher's constructivist instructional practices in a technology-rich mathematics classroom through a lens of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) and consisted of two phases: contradiction analysis and on-site intervention. Findings from the contradiction analysis indicated that it was not ICTs per-se that made contradictions in the ICT-supported constructivist activity; rather it was the changed nature of the class activity system due to the introduction of ICTs that called for systemic adjustment of classroom practices as a whole. Based on the identified contradictions, on-site intervention was designed and implemented. It focused on transforming an ill-formed activity system of the current instructional practices of the participant teacher into a well-formed one, where all the interwoven components and mediators, such as rules of interaction, division of labor, and the use of tools, adequately support activities that members carry out. Results indicated that the intervention and the modified unit played a large role in resolving the identified contradictions in the participant teacher's instructional practices and restructuring his existing pure-discovery mode of instruction into new practices, a guided discovery mode of instruction. The intervened instructional practices helped students establish a more effective division of labor, which led to more successful learning outcomes than those prior to the intervention. A new role of researchers is suggested to lessen a gap between theory and practice in the field of professional development for teachers. This dissertation is a manuscript-thesis. The three manuscripts address a literature review on constructivism in theory and practice, a case study to understand contradictions in the participant teacher's classroom practices, and an intervention study to resolve the identified contradictions.