| Power system frequency is one of the most critical parameters for analysis and control of power system dynamics. Due to technological advances, new monitoring devices, such as Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and Frequency Data Recorders (FDRs), have recently been added to power systems to measure frequency. It is anticipated, these frequency measurements will be used for real-time control of power systems in near future. This thesis is focused on the development of dynamic frequency estimation techniques that give frequency measurements similar to PMU (or FDR) measurements. Each of the frequency estimation techniques presented uses the fact that the voltage at any point of the power system is the sum of the voltage contributed by all generators. In other words, the voltage at any bus can be represented as a multi-frequency voltage made up of the frequencies of all generators. Assuming a single-frequency voltage for a bus, the frequency is calculated so that the difference between the assumed voltage and the actual voltage is minimized. Using this principle, four different frequency estimation techniques are developed and compared with each other on the Five-Bus Test System using a defined Integral of Squared Error criterion. Through comparison, it is found that the Proportional Voltage-Frequency Method is the most effective of the proposed methods due to its simplicity and accuracy. This technique is tested through simulation of various IEEE test systems using the simulation package, Power Systems Simulator for Engineers (PSS/E). |
