| The problem of turbulence modulation, the process whereby the gas-phase turbulence is modified by the presence of particles, is investigated. Experimental trends are examined and parameters affecting turbulence modulation and the mechanisms by which turbulence modulation occurs are identified. A new model that accounts for the crossing trajectory effect is presented. This model and the turbulence modulation models of Chen and Wood [4], Tu and Fletcher [45], and Mostafa and Mongia [30] are investigated using the TASCflow CFD code. The models are compared with the experimental results of Tsuji et al [44]. The model of Tu and Fletcher is not able to reproduce either general experimental trends or the experimental results, while the other three models can predict the general experimental trends but cannot reproduce the experimental results. Analysis shows that the turbulent viscosity, mut, plays an important role in modifying the turbulence intensity profiles. The new model was not able to capture the crossing trajectory effect for the flow considered. |
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