Use of a mechanical model to show the benefits of modern anatomical features of Homo sapiens for head stabilization during running

Stabilization of the head is critical for running. Homo sapiens possess several anatomical features that are useful for head stabilization. In order to test the functional value of some of these features, namely the location of the center of mass and the muscular connection between the skull and shoulder girdle, mechanical models are created. These mechanical models are representative of Homo sapiens and their ancestors. These models are subject to the kinematics and dynamics of a complete running gait cycle. The results show that the location of the center of mass for the Homo sapiens is superior to that of its ancestors for the purposes of head stabilization. Furthermore, the results show that the muscular connection between the skull and the shoulder girdle of Homo sapiens permit the counter rotation of the shoulders to reduce the energy needed to stabilize the head during running.