Composition Analysis And Evaluation Of Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Essential Oils From Zingiber Striolatum Diels

Climate change has a crucial impact on the distribution of plant resources,especially on wild plants.Against the background of rising temperatures in the next 100 years,the number and distribution of plants around the world will change.As an important crop resource in China,the genus Zingiber are widely used in the field of medicine and food,and have important economic value.However,most of the current research on Zingiber species are focused on the pharmacological activity,while rarely involves systematic research on its germplasm resources.Considering the application value of the genus Zingiber and that most Zingiber species of in China are wild,we conducted a systematic study on the potential suitable habitats of the genus Zingiber in China,and Zingiber Striolatum Diels was selected for anti-inflammatory activity research based on the predicted results.The main research content and results of this study are as follow.1.Global climate data at present and in future are freely available from the World Clim website.The ecological distribution and richness of the genus Zingiber were analyzed using a DIVA-GIS analysis of 967 georeferenced herbarium records to produce present and future distribution simulations using the Max Ent model.The results showed that the genus Zingiber is widely distributed in 28 provinces in China,with the greatest richness in Guangxi,Guangdong,and Yunnan.Based on our model,precipitation of the driest month(BIO14),precipitation of the warmest quarter(BIO18),and the minimum temperature of the coldest month(BIO6)were the most significant bioclimatic variables controlling the distribution of five selected Zingiber species.Future climate change will likely result in the increase of suitable habitat area for Zingiber officinale by 2.85%,but dramatically decrease for Zingiber striolatum by 18.04%,Zingiber zerumbet by 17.87%,Zingiber corallinum by 12.40%,and Zingiber mioga by 9.46%.2.The flower of Zingiber striolatum from different regions in China were collected,dried and pulverized,and then were used to extract essential oils by steam distillation.Next,the chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS,and the principle component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of essential oils of Zingiber striolatum from different origins were performed by PAST software.LPS was used to induce RAW264.7 cells to establish an in vitro inflammation model.The MTT method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of essential oils of Zingiber striolatum from different origins,and a reasonable dosage was selected for NO test.Then,the gray correlation analysis was used to study the spectrum-activity relationship of essential oils from Zingiber striolatum.The results showed that Zingiber striolatum from seven different origins can be divided into three categories according to phytochemical classification.Differences were revealed in the composition and content of essential oils from different origins,and the cytotoxicity was also different,but 16 chemical components were common.Grey correlation analysis indicated that ?-Phellandrene,?-Caryophyllene and ?-Humulene have the largest contribution to the inhibition of NO.The essential oils of Zingiber striolatum from Huaihua(F2),Zhangjiajie(F4)and Enshi(F5)showed the best inhibitory effect on NO production.Further studies demostrated that the three essential oils can effectively inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators(ROS,TNF-?,IL-6 and PGE2)in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.Results of Western Blot revealed that F2,F4 and F5 can inhibit the protein expression levels of i NOS and COX-2.At the same time,the nuclear translocation of NF-?B p65 and the phosphorylation levels of p38,JNK and ERK1/2 were reduced.An inflammatory model of mouse ear edema induced by TPA was established in vivo.The anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils in vivo were evaluated by measuring changes in ear weight,degree of ear edema and changes in the number of immune cells.The results showed that the ear swelling and local immune cell infiltration in TPA-induced mice were attenuated after treating with F2,F4 and F5.In summary,the potential suitable habitats of some Zingiber species in China will decrease in the future due to climate change,so conservation measures should be taken to preserve these valuable resources.For the species of Zingiber striolatum,this study found for the first time that its essential oil exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro,and we verified it can inhibit inflammation by affecting NF-?B and MAPKs signaling pathways,indicating that Zingiber species has rich pharmacological activity.In view of the effective application of Zingiber striolatum in food and medicine,we should focus on this wild species,strengthen the protection and provide a better living environment for it.