Investigation And Evaluation On Biodiversity Of Coleoptera Insects In Jurong,Kunshan And Yixing City,Jiangsu Province

Biodiversity normally incompasses genetic diversity,species diversity,and ecological diversity,that has been resulted from the long term evolution since the occurrence of life on earth.It provides the essential living material such as food for human beings.As one of the important organism groups composing the biodiversity composition,insects play the important role in material cycling,energy flow and ecological balance.Coleoptera is the largest order of insects(Insecta)with the known species about 360,000 around the world.Some Coleoptera insects are the major agricultural and forest pests,some are natural enemy insects,and some species can be used as environmental indicators.To understand the regional insect diversity features and influences of human activity on insect divrsity would benefit regional biodiversity conservation.Following the aim to know the current biodiversity status and to conduct the biodiversity conservation program efficiently in Jiangsu province,we investigated Coleoptera diversity in Jurong City,Kunshan City and Yixing City from May 2018 to May 2019 by the application of sweep net and light trap.In addition,we designed an experiment to further examine the effect of different land uses on the species and functional diversity of ground beetles in terms of vegetable gardens,tea gardens and forests located in Baohuashan,Jurong city from March to October 2019.We collected a total of 2,409 specimens of Coleoptera insects from the three counties,belonging to 205 species,146 genera and 33 families.The dominant family is Carabidae,followed by Calabasidae,Melolonthidae and Chrysomelidae.The two dominant species are Harpalus rubefactus and Pheropsophus occipitalis.Of 205 recorded species,27 species were new recorded in Jiangsu Province,25 are rated as common species and 178 are rare species.The fauna composition is mainly composed of speices shared by Paleo-Northern and Oriental zones.In terms of Chinese zoogeographical zone,a total of 30 distributional pattern were identified dominant by "Central China" endemic pattern.In addtion,we found three species under national priority protection which are Carabus davidis,Carabus lafossei and Dastarcus helophroides.Moreover,the total speices richness and all measured biodiversity indices showed similar pattern namely Yixing>Jurong>Kunshan.Regarding to Jurong,we identified a total of 106 species,80 families and 21 families while only 10 have been recorded species in open published reference.Of which,the two dominant species are Harpalus rubefactus and Pheropsophus occipitalis,and 16 common species,86 rare species,and the species of Carabus lafossei is under national priority protection.In Kunshan city,we identified a total of 76 species,60 genera and 26 families while 82 species have been recorded in a survey report of wetlands of Kunshan.Of which the two dominant species are Harmonia axyridis and Coccinella septempunctata,and 17 common species,57 rare species,and the species of Dastarcus helophroides is under national priority protection.In Yixing city,we idenfied 115 species,89 genera and 25 families while a total of 258 species have been recorded.Of which 20 species are common,96 species are rare,and the species of Carabus lafossei is under national priority protection.We collected a total of 4,712 specimens and 14 speceis of ground beetles in traps from vegetable garden,tea garden and forest experimental plots.The ground beetle community was dominant by the species of Harpalus rubefactus and Pheropsophus occipitalis.Although the major occurrence period of ground beetle was from June to August,the dynamic patterns differed among vegetable gardens,tea gardens and forest.The Shannon diversity index,richness,species dominance and diversity eveness demonstrated a similar pattern that is vegetable gardens>tea garden>forest.In terms of functional trait composition,all three kind of plots were of speices with dominant trait categories of predatory,small body sizee,medium-wing size and middle-leg size.However,the functional richness and functional RaoQ demonstrated a pattern of vegetable garden>tea garden>forest.In addition,the relationships between species diversity and functional diversity under different land uses were different.The functional eveness in vegetable gardens is negatively correlated with every measured species diversity indices,while functional dispersion index of tea garden and forest is significantly and positively correlated with all measured species diversity indices correspondly.Our results suggest the land use changes affected not only the species diversity but functional diversity of ground beetles.