Ancient Genomic Study Of Dongsheng Population In The Ming Dynasty From Heilongjiang River Basin

There are many ancient populations originated in the Heilongjiang River Basin,where they created excellent material and culture,and also had varying degrees of influence on the development of Sinic civilization.Among the ethnic groups in the Heilongjiang River Basin,the “Sushen Family” has enormous range and long duration of activities.Members of the “Sushen Family” have created several independent regimes,among which Jurchen and his descendant have expanded their sphere of influence to the Central Plains twice.Wu Di Ha is a group of people living in the Heilongjiang River Basin in the Ming Dynasty who lived on fishing and hunting,and belonged to the Jurchen in a broad sense.At present,the genetic origin and destination of Wu Di Ha,and whether the contact events between Jurchen and farming or/and nomadic civilization are accompanied by genetic influence are still unknown.We carried out ancient DNA research using the teeth of 14 remains of the Wu Di Ha individuals found in the Ming Dynasty clan cemetery in Dongsheng Village,Suibin County,Heilongjiang Province as experimental materials.Population genetic analysis was used to reveal the genetic characteristic of the Wu Di Ha population living in the Heilongjiang River Basin in the Ming Dynasty.Through DNA extraction,DNA library construction,sequencing and other means,we obtained the whole genome data of 14 samples.The 14 Wu Di Ha samples include 10 males and 4 females,all of which bear the uniparental genetic markers of Eastern Eurasian types,most of which have been reported in ancient populations in the Heilongjiang River Basin.Our autosomal analysis results show that the Wu Di Ha population is genetically similar to the early inhabitants of the Heilongjiang River Basin,and its genetic characteristic are formed by the mixing of the early inhabitants except for the Hei Shui Mohe individual of the region and the modern Han-related populations.In addition,we also found a male individual in the cemetery that is highly genetically similar to the ancient populations of the Yellow River Basin and the modern Han population.After comparing with the modern Tungusic-speaking minorities in the Heilongjiang River Basin,we found that the Wu Di Ha people can be regarded as the ancestor of the modern Hezhen and Xibo populations.Moreover,after comparing the genetic characteristics of the populations in the Heilongjiang River Basin from the Neolithic period to modern times,we found that the populations of the Heilongjiang River Basin maintained a long-term stability of the genetic characteristics,but fluctuated many times after the Han Dynasty.This study begins with describing the genetic characteristics of the Wu Di Ha population,then infers the genetic origin and destination of the Wu Di Ha population,and finally traces the genetic influence of the nomadic and agricultural civilizations on the residents of the Heilongjiang River Basin in the historical period.Uniquely,we also analyzed the genetic relationship among the Hei Shui Mo He individual,the Wu Di Ha population,and the modern Tungusic minorities from the perspective of genetics,filling the blank of the research on the genetic inheritance relationship among the various ethnic groups in the “Sushen Family”.