| There are large differences in rice yield and fertilizer efficiency among farmers in Heilongjiang Province.Clarifying the limiting factors of rice yield and reducing rice yield gap are the main ways to improve rice yield.Based on this purpose,in this study,farmers survey method was used to analyze the rice yield gap and efficiency gap and their variation characteristics in Heilongjiang Province,and Boundary line method was used to analyze the limiting factors of rice yield gap,which is an effective way to explore and reduce the yield gap and efficiency gap,and provides a theoretical basis for further improvement of rice yield and fertilizer efficiency.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)There is a certain yield gap of rice among farmers in Heilongjiang Province.The yield gap between high-yield and low-yield farmers(YG1)was 3613 kg·hm-2.The yield gap between high yield farmers and general farmers(YG2)was 2294 kg·hm-2,The yield gap between high yield farmers and average farmers(YG3)was 2180 kg·hm-2,Low-yield farmers,general farmers and average farmers achieved 64.6%,77.5% and 78.7% of the output of high-yield farmers,respectively.The average nitrogen application rate of high-yield farmers was 7%-10% higher than that of other farmers,the average nitrogen fertilizer application rate of high-yield farmers was7%-10% higher than that of other farmers,the average phosphorus fertilizer application rate was2%-9% higher than that of other farmers,and the average potassium fertilizer application rate was20%-24% lower than that of other farmers.In terms of cultivation management,the planting density of high-yield farmers was 14% higher than that of low-yield farmers,the depth of irrigation was 7% to 8% lower than other farmers.The average times of drug injection was 1 time lower than that of other farmers.On the difference of peasant household quality,the age and planting years of low-yield farmers were higher than those of other farmers.In the level of education,high-yield farmers college education or above accounted for a higher proportion.(2)The efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer of rice among different farmers in Heilongjiang province also had great differences.The efficiency gap between high-efficiency and low-efficiency farmers(EG1)was 56 kg·kg-1.Among farmers with different nitrogen efficiency,there were certain differences in yield,nitrogen application rate,planting density,irrigation depth among farmers and age of farmers.The average yield of nitrogen-efficient farmers was 7%-13% higher than that of other farmers.Nitrogen application rate was 52%-64%lower than that of other farmers.The average planting density is 1%-10% higher than that of other farmers.The average depth of irrigation was 3%-16% lower than other farmers.Nutrient efficient farmers are of appropriate age and in the prime of life.The efficiency gap between high and low efficiency farmers was 153 kg·kg-1,Among the farmers with different efficiency of P fertilizer,there were significant differences in the yield and application amount of P fertilizer.The yield of P fertilizer efficient farmers was 7%-18% higher than that of other farmers,the application amount of phosphate fertilizer was 64%-74% lower than that of other farmers.The efficiency gap between high-efficiency and low-efficiency potash farmers was 174 kg·kg-1.There were significant differences in rice yield,potassium fertilizer application rate,fertilizer application times,planting density and sowing amount among farmers with different potash efficiency.The yield of high-potash farmers was 18%-28% higher than that of other farmers,the application of potash fertilizer was 64%-89% lower than that of other farmers,and the planting density was 13% higher than that of low-potash farmers.The fertilization frequency of low-potash farmers was 2 times,which was lower than that of other efficient farmers.(3)The contribution rate of each factor to the yield was analyzed and calculated by the boundary line method.The contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer application,irrigation depth of farmers and planting years of farmers was the highest,which were 29.2%,25.4% and 18.1%,respectively,and were the most important influencing factors.In conclusion,according to the rice yield gap,efficiency gap and their variation characteristics and the analysis of boundary line method,it was concluded that fertilization,irrigation and transplanting density and other management factors had a great impact on rice yield,and the suitable nitrogen fertilizer dosage for farmers was 125 kg·hm-2,the suitable irrigation depth was 40 mm,and the suitable density was 18-28 holes. |
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