| China is a big beekeeping country.Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera are the main bee species in China.There are differences in morphology,living habits and productivity between the two bees.Anniversary of the bee hive group of potential changes with the seasons are different,therefore,this test is to Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera as the research object,explore three seasons spring,summer and winter Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera in intestinal flora and the body’s physiological and biochemical differences change law,provide the basis for clarify different bee species of physiology,so as to provide reference for the bee breeding management.In this experiment,5 populations of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera with similar population dynamics were selected in spring（April）,summer（July）and winter（October）,respectively,and each colony was a replicate.Each colony was labeled with 190 worker bees who had just left the house.The labeled 9-day-old bees of different species and different colonies were collected in different seasons.The physiological and biochemical indexes such as intestinal flora,antioxidant and immune performance were determined.Physiological and biochemical indexes such as antioxidant and immune performance of different bee species in spring,summer and winter were measured.The results showed that:1)The intestinal wall thickness of Apis mellifera midgut was significantly higher than that of Apis cerana cerana in summer and winter（P < 0.05）;2)In winter,the crude protein content of Apis mellifera was significantly lower than that of Apis cerana cerana（P < 0.01）,but the crude lipid content of Apis mellifera was significantly higher than that of Apis cerana cerana（P < 0.05）,and the crude lipid content of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana cerana was the highest in winter;3)In spring and winter,the contents of Reactive oxygen species（ROS）and Malondialdehyde（MDA）,Catalase（CAT）and Glutathione peroxidase（GSH）activities were significantly higher than those of Apis cerana cerana（P < 0.05）,while in summer,the ROS content was significantly lower than that of Apis cerana cerana（P < 0.01）,The activities of related antioxidant enzymes were significantly lower than those of Apis cerana cerana（P <0.05）;4)The activities of Lysozyme,Phenoloxidase and Glucose oxidase in Apis mellifera L.were significantly higher than those in Apis cerana cerana in spring and winter（P < 0.01）,but the opposite was observed in summer.The expression levels of apidaecin,abaecin,hymenoptaecin and defensin genes in menoptera were significantly lower than Apis cerana cerana in menoptera in different seasons（P < 0.05）;5)In winter,the contents of Total protein,Triglyceride,Total cholesterol and High density lipoprotein in hemolymph of Apis cerana cerana were significantly higher than those of Apis mellifera（P < 0.01）.In spring and winter,the activities of Protease and Amylase in midgut of Apis mellifera L.were significantly lower than those of Apis cerana cerana（P < 0.01）.The intestinal microflora of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera in spring,summer and winter were measured,and the results showed that: 1)Actinobacteria,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant in the intestinal flora of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera,The dominant genera are Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Gilliamella and Snodgrassella;2)Apibacter and Frischella were both found to be stable in intestinal tract with significant differences（P < 0.05）.At the gate level,the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in ileum of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera was significantly different in the three seasons（P < 0.05）.The relative abundance of Firmicutes in ileum of Apis cerana cerana was significantly higher than that of Apis mellifera in summer（P < 0.01）,but there was no significant difference in other seasons（P > 0.05）.The relative abundance of Actionbacteria in ileum of Apis mellifera was significantly higher than that of Apis cerana cerana in spring（P < 0.05）,and the relative abundance of Actionbacteria in rectum was significantly lower than that of Apis cerana cerana in summer（P < 0.01）.There was no significant difference in the proportion of Acidobacteria in ileum and rectum between the two species in three seasons（P > 0.05）;3)At the genus level,the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in ileum of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera was significantly different in spring（P < 0.05）.The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in rectum of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera was significantly different in summer（P < 0.01）.The relative abundance of Gilliamella in rectum of Apis cerana cerana was significantly higher than that of Apis mellifera in summer and winter（P <0.01）;4)In winter,OTU number in intestinal tract of Apis cerana cerana was significantly higher than that of Apis mellifera（P < 0.01）.In conclusion,the crude protein content of Apis cerana cerana was significantly higher than that of Apis mellifera in winter,which might be related to the strong cold resistance of Apis cerana cerana;In spring and winter,the contents of Reactive oxygen species（ROS）and Malondialdehyde（MDA）in Apis mellifera were significantly higher than Apis cerana cerana,and the activities of Catalase,Glutathione peroxidase,Phenoloxidase and Glucose oxidase were significantly higher than those in Apis mellifera which might be related to the poor environmental adaptability of Apis mellifera;There were significant differences in the abundance of Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium,Snodgrassella,Gilliamella and Frischella in the intestinal core bacteria of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera in the three seasons.The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the ileum of the two species of bees was significantly different in spring;The relative abundance of Snodgrassella in the intestinal tract of Apis cerana cerana was significantly lower than that of Apis mellifera in summer and winter.These results suggested that the differences of intestinal core flora between the two species of bees changed with the seasons. |
PDF Full Text Request