| Objective:This study aimed at investigating the current situation of early trauma,personality traits,resilience and depressive symptoms in adolescents in Wuhan,exploring the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms in adolescents,and the roles of personality traits and resilience in the relationship,in order to provide recommendations for prevention and intervention of depression in adolescents.Methods:From September 2015 to January 2016,elementary and middle school students aged 10-17 years old from 5 primary schools(grades 5-6),3 junior high schools(grades7-9),and 2 senior high schools(grade 10)in Wuhan,Hubei Province were selected by cluster sampling.Self-reported questionnaires including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale(CES-D),the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ-SF),the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC),and the neuroticism,extraversion and conscientiousness subscales of NEO-Five Factor Inventory(NEO-FFI)were used to do the survey.SPSS 21.0 and Amos 21.0 software were used for data collation,statistics and analysis.The main statistical analyses processesχ~2 test,t test,one-way analysis of variance,Pearson correlation analysis,and multi-group analysis of structural equation models.Results:A total of 6,869 questionnaires were distributed and 6,680 valid questionnaires were retrieved.The effective rate of questionnaire was 97.2%.The participants ranged in age from 10-17 years,with an average age of 12.56±1.67 years.There were 3479(52.1%)male students,3575(54.1%)single children,2710(40.6%)primary school students,3236(48.4%)junior high school students,and 734(11.0%)senior high school students.1.Depressive symptoms:A total of 708 people(10.6%)were found with depressive symptoms.There was a significant difference in the detection rate of depressive symptoms between the male and the female(P=0.009).High school students,parental marital status of remarry,separation,divorce,widowed,and adolescents with family history of depression had higher rates of depressive symptoms(P<0.001).There were no statistically significant differences in the detection rate of depression symptoms between different residences,whether or not they were alone,and whether there were bereaved parents(P>0.05).2.Early trauma:the detection rate of early trauma in the survey population was 33.3%,and the rate was significantly higher in boys than in girls(P<0.001).The detection rate of early trauma was lower among senior high school students,city residents,only children,first marriage of parental marital status,and adolescents without family history of depression(P<0.001).There was no significant difference among adolescents with bereavement or without(P>0.05).3.Resilience:The average level of resilience of the respondents was 63.05±18.8.Boys,primary school students,city of residence,only children,first marriage of parental marital status,and adolescents without family history of depression had higher levels of resilience,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference among whether there were bereaved parents(P>0.05).4.Neuroticism,extraversion,and conscientiousness:The average levels of neuroticism,extraversion and conscientiousness were 31.49±8.49,43.36±7.31,and43.46±8.00,respectively.Girls had higher levels of extraversion and conscientiousness than boys(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in neuroticism.Primary school students,city of residence,first marriage of parental marital status,and adolescents without family history of depression had the lowest level of neuroticism,and the highest levels of extraversion and conscientiousness(P<0.05).The non-only child’s neuroticism level was significantly higher than the only child’s(P=0.002),but there was no significant difference in the levels of extraversion and conscientiousness(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the three personality traits among adolescents with or without bereaved parents(P<0.05).5.The relationships among depressive symptoms,early trauma,personality traits,and resilience:Adolescents with depressive symptoms had higher levels of early trauma and neuroticism,and the levels of resilience,extraversion,and conscientiousness were significantly lower than those without depressive symptoms(P<0.001).Depressive symptoms were significantly positively correlated with early trauma and neuroticism(P<0.001),and significantly negatively correlated with resilience,extraversion,and conscientiousness(P<0.001).6.Multiple effects of personality traits and resilience:6.1.Mediating effects of personality traits and resilience:Neuroticism and resilience partly mediated the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms,and the mediating effect accounts for 25.7%of the total effect;Extraversion and resilience played the partial mediating roles in the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms,and the mediating effect accounted for 12.5%of the total effect;Conscientiousness and resilience partly mediated the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms,and the mediating effect accounted for 12.6%.6.2.Moderating effect of resilience:Resilience moderated the relationships between early trauma,personality traits,and depressive symptoms(P<0.001).Conclusion:Early trauma was associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents in Wuhan,and personality traits and resilience played multiple effects in the relationship.Specifically,neuroticism,extraversion,conscientiousness and resilience could not only partially mediate the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms,but also mediate the effect of early trauma on depressive symptoms through the path of early trauma→personality trait→resilience→depressive symptoms.Besides,resilience also moderated the relationships between early trauma,personality traits,and depressive symptoms.These suggest that reducing or avoiding early trauma,cultivating adaptive personality traits and improving resilience may be helpful to alleviate and prevent depression in adolescent. |
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