| Emile Durkheim(1858-1971)put forward his own educational theory in order to solve the modern moral crisis under the background of French industrial transformation.But compared with subject education,he paid more attention to moral education based on social measurement.His thought takes the social collective as the starting point to explore the essence of morality and the truly effective moral education methods.Based on the analysis of Durkheim’s moral education thought,this paper abstracts the core content of his theory through a large number of literature studies,and discusses the enlightenment of Durkheim’s thought on the practical education reform in combination with the modern school moral education environment in China.The thesis consists of four parts.The first part is based on the integration of relevant literature and works,combing the historical background and theoretical sources of Durkheim’s moral education thought,trying to grasp the era clues and academic causes of its thought formation.Historically speaking,the French society in the 19 th century respected democracy and civil rights,but the agricultural population still occupied the mainstream position,so the new and old moral system collided,and the moral stability was destroyed.With the spiritual revolution of the Renaissance,moral nihilism and moral relativism gave birth to the crisis of moral vacuum.Durkheim was committed to finding the causes and solutions of moral crisis in this context.From the academic point of view,Durkheim’s thought is deeply influenced by Comte’s positivist sociology.Combined with Spencer’s social organic theory and Boutroux’s philosophy methodology,he regards the origin of morality as the inevitable product of the social collective and develops independently through social integration.The second part analyzes the central point of Durkheim’s moral education thought from the perspective of the origin,direction and core of moral education.First of all,the concept of "Virtue" is introduced from the perspective of the knowledge element of moral education,and explained from its essence and attribute: virtue is essentially the product of social collective,taking society as the fundamental position,developing towards the ideal of divinity.Virtue has three attributes: consciousness,individuality and sociality.It is the representation of human internalization.Durkheim’s moral framework is based on the social position,so he attaches great importance to the independent characteristics of human nature.Durkheim believes that the goal of moral education is to cultivate "ideal people"-that is,they have both rational and independent abilities,and can complete the tasks ofsocial division of labor,so as to constitute a healthy development of society.In order to explain this purpose,Durkheim,based on the three elements of morality,expounds the specific connotation of morality.Discipline spirit is the primary element of morality,which has the function of standardizing behavior and eliminating arbitrariness.The purpose of sacrifice spirit is to ask for the individual’s devotion and attachment to the society,and to appreciate the social characteristics of non individual behavior by moral standards.The spirit of self-discipline is the highest purpose of moral cultivation,which takes rational personality as the premise and self-determination as its expression.Through the internalization of morality,an active and mature moral concept is formed.The third part mainly analyzes the four theoretical characteristics of Durkheim’s moral education thoughts: social dependence,religious criticism,individual autonomy and intergenerational interaction.Social dependence is the most prominent feature of Durkheim’s collectivism,which emphasizes that the relationship between society and human beings is interactive and dependent.In essence,society is the cultural connection of countless individuals,and each individual bears obligations and responsibilities for it.Religious criticism is based on opposing feudal theology,attaching importance to individual development,advocating education returning to reality,and paving the way for modern democratic society.Individual autonomy emphasizes the ability of self-determination,which is a higher level requirement based on the premise of rational society.The intergenerational interaction reflects Durkheim’s understanding of moral cultivation in the time span.He attaches great importance to the moral inheritance and interaction of each generation.The fourth part is the Enlightenment of Durkheim’s moral education thought to the current moral education mode of our country,as well as the feasible strategy.Based on the study of its theory,combined with the common problems of modern moral education,such as being divorced from reality and empty in content,this paper attaches great importance to the cultivation of children’s moral elements.To standardize the behavior of children who are still in the immature stage by cultivating the spirit of discipline;The teaching mode based on class system helps children form rational social values;Pay attention to the cultivation of children’s self-consciousness,take teacher’s guidance as the principle,and promote the formation of self-determination ability.Secondly,we should pay attention to the content and method of moral education in the reform of education mode.The content of education conforms to the law of students’ psychological development and helpsstudents distinguish right from wrong.Durkheim’s research,as an outstanding achievement in the early twentieth century,has some historical limitations.However,the advanced part of his theory still deserves our exploration and also has important reference significance. |
