Modification Of Hemodialysis Membrane Surface By Gallic Acid Intercalation Ti₃C₂T_x And Its Intervention On Oxidative Stress

At present,the number of patients with chronic kidney disease（CKD）worldwide is increasing by 40 million annually,and the vast majority of these patients need dialysis to prolong their lives.However,there are still some problems in the clinical hemodialysis membrane,such as insufficient clearance of middle molecular toxin,poor biocompatibility,and antioxidant loss during dialysis,which make CKD patients anemia and dialysis related amyloidosis and oxidative stress.The objective of this work was to develop a new kind of hemodialysis membranes with high selectivity,excellent anti protein adsorption and antioxidant properties.A 2D transition metal carbides,MXene-SO₃H,with large surface area,abundant terminations,good biocompatibility,attractive electronegativity and hydrophilic nature,showed great potential in hemodialysis.In this work,the MXene-SO₃H was deposited on PVDF membrane based on gallic acid（GA）coating via a facile vacuum-assisted filtration method.The experimental results showed that the MXene/GA/PVDF membranes improved obviously the resistance to proteins adsorption,platelets and red blood cells adhesion.The voltammetric responses of the GA and MXene-SO₃H suggested the cationic probe and anionic probe did easily penetrate the GA and MXene-SO₃H layers,while the cationic probe was more highly permeable the MXene-SO₃H layers than anionic probe.The highest clearance ratio of urea and lysozyme of the modified membranes could up to 84.77% and 80.00%,respectively.GA introduced on the membrane surface was a kind of natural plant polyphenol.The GA had the most phenolic hydroxyl number per unit molecular weigh,which made GA possess the strong antioxidant capacity.The antioxidant function of GA provided the GA modified membranes with antioxidant properties during dialysis process.Based on the antioxidant experiments,the hemodialysis membrane with GA coating exhibited great antioxidant capacity in multiple in vitro assays such as reducing power,·OH,·O₂^-,DPPH·,ABTS·⁺radical and H₂O₂ scavenging and endproducts inhibiting.In addition,sulfonate anion could inactivate clotting factors and control the clotting reaction on the surface of materials,the activated partial thromboplastin time（APTT）of the modified membrane was prolonged from 27.4 s to193.5 s,indicating the enhanced anticoagulation property of MXene/GA/PVDF membranes.